Zobrazení zdroje stránky Davieshenneberg9864

(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Nearly all students experience stress as they pursue important academic goals. Because stress can be magnified for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, it becomes important to identify interventions that can help mitigate this stress, particularly for these populations as they enter academic environments. We examine the effects of stress mindset and stress management interventions administered to students from disadvantaged backgrounds (N = 140) before freshman year. We compare effects on affect, sleep, and performance during end-of-year exams seen in a subset of these students who could be tracked via experience sampling (N = 57) to those of a comparison group at the same elite university (N = 74) receiving no such stress interventions. As predicted, we find significant differences in exam-week positive affect between the stress mindset and comparison groups. However, there was no difference in positive affect between the stress mindset and management groups or the stress management and comparison groups. For negative affect, stress, sleep, and exam performance, we find no significant differences between any of the three groups. However, both stress interventions decoupled the significant negative association between exam-week stress and exam performance exhibited by the comparison group, rendering the relationship nonsignificant. The reduction in this association was somewhat more pronounced for the mindset relative to the management group. These findings suggest that mindset and management approaches both confer benefits in certain circumstances and highlight the potential value of targeting mindsets about stress using a "wise intervention" approach for students from disadvantaged backgrounds during stressful times. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Although it is understood that engaging in mental time travel to remember the past and imagine the future relies on similar cognitive processes, there are important differences. Notably, there is evidence that emotional valence differently affects how past and future events are accessed. Here, we explored the differential effect of emotional valence on past and future event generation in the context of personal stress. This is based on findings that an individual's current life stress -a metric of mental health-alters emotional mental time travel. In an online experiment conducted during the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, 421 participants generated specific past and future events to a series of positive and negative cues and then rated the likelihood that the event would occur in the future, the emotion conveyed in the event, and the difficulty of generating the event. Participants also completed a questionnaire estimating current life stress. We found a general bias toward generating specific positive future events that was not present when generating past events. Additionally, we found a small but significant effect of stress levels on ratings of difficulty and likelihood for events generated in response to positive cues. These results provide new insight into how an individual's current stress selectively targets the way positive life events are perceived. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).To study comparative attentional allocation strategies, pigeons and humans were tested using simultaneously available discrimination tasks. Given visual search displays containing 32 items from two orthogonal dimensions, participants were reinforced for selecting the eight brightest (or darkest) of 16 brightness items and the eight most vertical (or horizontal) of 16 orientation items. Consistent with a sequential dimensional strategy, humans preferentially chose items from one dimension before switching to the other to complete the search. In contrast, the pigeons did not preferentially stay within one dimension over consecutive choices. Instead, they chose the items most likely to yield reward based on item discriminability. Computational models that incorporated a "dimensional staying" factor accounted best for the human data, while simulations using only discriminability reproduced the pigeons' data. These results suggest that humans are sensitive to the benefits of attentional staying and the costs of switching between dimensional tasks, while there was no evidence that these factors influenced the pigeons' choice behavior. These findings suggest fundamental differences in how pigeons and humans allocate attention in complex choice situations. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-1.html A2ti-1 solubility dmso] (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).<br /><br /> In the present study, we adapted and validated the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale for Children (BIIS-C).<br /><br /> 259 bicultural children (119 males, 140 females; <br /><br /> <br /><br /> = 11.07, <br /><br /> = 1.24) were provided with a questionnaire. Based on adult versions of the scale, we tested the factorial structure of a set of 11 nonreversed items tapping into harmony (vs. conflict; six items) and blendedness (vs. compartmentalization; five items) dimensions.<br /><br /> A two-factor model was compared with a one-factor model. In line with research on adults, results showed that the two-factor model (with nine items) fitted the data better than the one-factor model. The two dimensions yielded reliable scores and were correlated in the expected direction with personality variables, acculturation attitudes, and perceived discrimination.<br /><br /> The BIIS-C provides valid and reliable scores for research on biculturalism in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).<br /><br />The BIIS-C provides valid and reliable scores for research on biculturalism in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is common in jails and prisons. In a sample of 506 jail inmates (30% female), we examined whether BPD symptoms assessed upon incarceration predict subsequent institutional misconduct and treatment-seeking. BPD features modestly predicted occurrence (vs. nonoccurrence) of institutional misconduct. Importantly, BPD did not predict the number of institutional misconduct incidents. That is, BPD was not associated with frequent, repeated difficulties in institutional adjustment. Consistent with previous research showing a relationship between BPD and past treatment-seeking in clinical and community samples, jail inmates' BPD features significantly predicted subsequent requests for treatment. Regarding specific types of treatment, the relationship held for substance abuse programs and forensic mental health services but not for psychoeducational services or support groups. There were very few moderators of the link between BPD and subsequent institutional misconduct and treatment-seeking. Most of the observed relationships held across sex, race, and age. Findings of the study indicate that jail staff and clinicians must learn to distinguish between initial adjustment problems and frequent misconduct among inmates high in BPD to facilitate their adjustment. The study further highlights the need for BPD-relevant treatments and services in jails. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Psychotic disorders have been associated with visual deficits and deviant semantic processing, making it unclear whether object detection abnormalities in psychosis originate from low-level or higher-order visual processes. The current study investigated how high-level visual processing is affected in psychosis by presenting object stimuli with equivalent low-level visual features. Outpatients with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders, first-degree biological relatives, and psychiatrically unaffected individuals (N = 130) completed the Fragmented Ambiguous Object Task (FAOT) to assess recognition of objects in ambiguous stimuli. During the task, we recorded electroencephalography, quantified event-related potential (ERP) components (P1, N1, negative closure [NCL], N400), and derived four spatiotemporal event-related potential factors using principal components analysis (PCA). In addition to traditional diagnoses, psychosis was characterized using a dimensional measure of individual differences in self-reported sensory experiences (perceptual absorption) calculated from scales that tap the psychotic domain of the hierarchical structure of psychopathology. Rates of detecting objects within fragmented stimuli failed to differ across diagnostic groups or significantly predict perceptual absorption (p = .057). PCA factors that reflected smaller N1 and larger NCL amplitudes were associated with detecting objects. Exploratory analyses revealed that higher perceptual absorption was associated with reductions in the N400 and a late positive PCA factor. Although early and midlatency brain responses modulate during object detection, late brain responses tied to semantic appraisal of objects are related to perceptual aberrations often reported by individuals with severe psychopathology. Dimensional measures of personality appear sensitive to variation in biological systems relevant to psychotic symptomatology and object perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).It has been proposed that agency disorders found in schizophrenia rely on aberrant processing of prediction error. Overreactivity to nonpertinent prediction errors may lead to the attribution of one's own actions to an external source. When applied to perception, this could explain hallucinations. However, experiments in motor control or perception have mainly suggested deficient prediction errors. Using a novel approach based on the manipulation of temporal delays, 23 patients with schizophrenia, 18 patients with bipolar disorder, and 22 healthy participants performed a pointing task with a haptic device that provided haptic feedback without or with delays, which were processed consciously (65 ms) or unconsciously (15 ms). The processing of prediction errors was measured via the adaptation of the hand trajectory, that is, the deceleration in anticipation of the surface, and its modulation as a function of recent history (stable or unstable sensory feedback). Agency was evaluated by measuring the participants' feeling of controlling the device. Only patients with schizophrenia reported a decrease in the feeling of control following subliminally delayed haptic feedback and adapted deceleration durations following subliminally delayed haptic feedback. This effect was correlated with positive symptoms. The overreactivity to subliminal delays was present only when delays occurred repeatedly in an unpredictable way, that is, with a volatile distribution. The results suggest that small temporal uncertainties that should be held as negligible, trigger an aberrant overreactivity which could account for hallucinations and alterations of the patients' conscious feeling of control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Restrictive eating is common and associated with negative psychological outcomes across the life span and eating disorder (ED) severity levels. Little is known about functional processes that maintain restriction, especially outside of narrow diagnostic categories (e.g., anorexia nervosa). Here, we extend research on operant four-function models (identifying automatic negative, automatic positive, social negative, and social positive reinforcement functions) that have previously been applied to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), binge eating, and purging to restricting. We assessed restrictive eating functions in three samples clinically heterogeneous adolescents (Study 1 N = 457), transdiagnostic adults (Study 2 N = 145), and adults with acute or recently weight-restored anorexia nervosa (Study 3 N = 45). Study 1 indicated the four-function model was a good fit for restricting (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .06, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = .88). This factor structure replicated in Study 2 (comparative fit index [CFI] = .