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05) with corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) (RWH 0.810 to 0.891, p150 ms did not predict mortality (p=0.27). Conclusion Pre-implantation interlead ECG heterogeneity but not QRS complex duration predicts mechanical super-response to CRT in patients with non-LBBB.Background The isthmus of ventricular tachycardia (VT) circuits has been extensively characterized. Paucity of data exists regarding the contribution of the outer loop (OL) to the VT circuit. Objective We aim to characterize the electrophysiological properties of the OL. Methods Complete substrate activation mapping during sinus rhythm (SR) and full activation mapping of the VT circuit with High-Density mapping were accomplished. Maps were analyzed mathematically to reconstruct conduction velocities (CVs) within the circuit. CV was defined normal if &gt;100 cm/s and slow if less then 50 cm/s. Electrograms along the entire circuit were analyzed for fractionation, duration and amplitude. Results Six post-myocardial infarction patients were enrolled. In 4 patients, the VT circuit was observed a figure-of-eight reentry circuit while in the remaining 2 a single-loop. The OL exhibited a mean of 1.9±0.9 and 1.6±0.5 corridors of slow conduction (SC) during VT and SR, respectively. The SC in the OL were longer and faster when compared to SC found in the isthmus during SR. At the OL, SC sites showed in 92% LAVA and a bipolar voltage of less than 0.5mV was identified in the 80.7%. In the double loop circuits, only one patient had fixed lines of block as isthmus boundaries while in three cases these were at least in part functional. Conclusion In ischemic reentrant VT circuits, the OL contributes significantly to reentry with multiple corridors of SC. These corridors can result from structural or functional phenomena. Isthmus boundaries may correspond to functional or fixed lines of block.Background Randomized trials evaluating cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) have excluded patients with a pre-existing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The association of CRT upgrade with clinical outcomes in patients with a pre-existing ICD is unclear. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ms-275.html find more] Objective The purpose of this study was to examine a CRT-eligible population to evaluate clinical outcomes associated with CRT upgrade compared to patients who did not undergo CRT. Methods Using the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ICD Registry between April 2010 and December 2014, we created a hierarchical logistic regression model to identify predictors of CRT upgrade in a CRT-eligible ICD population. In the subpopulation of patients with Medicare-linked claims data, differential outcomes were determined with censoring at 3 years. The primary endpoint of this study was all-cause mortality, with secondary endpoints of rates of hospitalization and procedural complications. Results CRT upgrade was performed in 75.5% of CRT-eligible patients with pre-existing ICD (n = 15,803). Presence of left bundle branch block conduction was the strongest predictor of CRT upgrade (odds ratio [OR] 4.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.08-5.11; P less then .0001). In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, CRT upgrade was associated with a reduction in mortality at 3 years (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.80; 95% CI 0.70-0.92; P = .001; adjusted HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.98; P = .02, respectively). Compared to patients with ICD generator replacement only, patients who underwent CRT upgrade experienced no different 3-year rates of hospitalization (adjusted HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.91-1.12; P = .81) or 1-year periprocedural complication rates (adjusted HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.79-1.45; P = .66). Conclusion In a national registry of CRT-eligible patients with pre-existing ICD, upgrade to CRT was associated with lower rates of mortality than continued medical management.Background Abrupt loss of ventricular pre-excitation on non-invasive evaluation, or non-persistent pre-excitation, in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is thought to indicate a low risk of life-threatening events. Objective To compare accessory pathway (AP) characteristics and occurrences of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and rapidly conducted pre-excited atrial fibrillation (RC-AF) in patients with non-persistent and persistent pre-excitation. Methods Patients ≤21 years with WPW and invasive electrophysiology study (EPS) data, SCA, or RC-AF were identified from multicenter databases. Non-persistent pre-excitation was defined as absence/sudden loss of pre-excitation on ECG, Holter, or exercise test. RC-AF was defined as clinical pre-excited atrial fibrillation with shortest pre-excited R-R interval (SPERRI) ≤250ms. AP effective refractory period (APERP), SPERRI at EPS (EPS-SPERRI), and shortest pre-excited paced cycle length (SPPCL) were collected. High-risk APs were defined as APERP, SPERRI, or SPPCL ≤250ms. Results Of 1589 patients, 244 (15%) had non-persistent pre-excitation and 1345 (85%) had persistent pre-excitation. There were no differences in sex (58 vs 60% male, p=0.49) or age (13.3±3.6 vs 13.1±3.9 years, p=0.43) between groups. Though APERP (344±76 vs 312±61ms, p less then 0.001), and SPPCL (394±123 vs 317±82ms, p less then 0.001) were longer in non-persistent versus persistent pre-excitation, there was no difference in EPS-SPERRI (331±71 vs 316±73ms, p=0.15). Non-persistent pre-excitation was associated with fewer high-risk APs (13 vs 23%, p less then 0.001) than persistent pre-excitation. Of 61 patients with SCA or RC-AF, 6 (10%) had non-persistent pre-excitation (3 SCA, 3 RC-AF). Conclusion Non-persistent pre-excitation was associated with fewer high-risk APs, though it did not exclude risk of SCA or RC-AF in children with WPW.Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). Exogenous supplementation with ChAT can functionally compensate for decreased Ach levels and ameliorate memory and cognitive deficits. In this paper, the treatment efficacy of recombinant ChAT (peptide transduction domain (PTD)-ChAT) and donepezil were compared in aged dementia mice, and their mechanisms were explored by performing the gene function annotation and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. The Morris water maze test showed that the swimming times of PTD-ChAT-treated (4 mg/kg) and donepezil-treated (0.5 mg/kg) mice with mild and moderate dementia were significantly shortened (P less then 0.01 vs aged dementia mice), and no significant changes were observed between the PTD-ChAT- and donepezil-treated groups. In contrast, the swimming times of PTD-ChAT-treated mice with severe dementia were noticeably shorter than those of donepezil-treated mice with severe dementia (P less then 0.01), indicating that the treatment efficacy of PTD-ChAT is superior to that of donepezil.