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as more knowledge about them among physicians.<br /><br /> This study aimed to investigate the non-prescription use of antibiotics for cough among children under 5 years in China.<br /><br /> A community-based cross-sectional survey.<br /><br /> A face-to-face interview based on a standard questionnaire in the community from October to December 2019.<br /><br /> A total of 3102 children under 5 years of age were enrolled with probability proportionate to size sampling method. The children's caregivers provided the responses as their agents.<br /><br /> Cough in the past month, non-prescription use of antibiotics after cough.<br /><br /> 1211 of 3102 children were reported to have a cough in the past month. Of these, 40.2% (487/1211) were medicated with antibiotics, and 18.7% (91/487) of these were not prescribed. Cephalosporins were the most frequently used antibiotic (52.8%), and community pharmacies were the main source (53.7%). Children who coughed for 1-2 weeks (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.90) or 3-4 weeks (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.97), with runny nose (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.19) or those whose family annual income between ¥50 000 and ¥100 000 (OR 4.44, 95% CI 1.52 to 18.95) had a higher risk of non-prescription use of antibiotics than those coughing for &lt;1 week, without runny nose or with family annual income &lt;¥50 000.<br /><br /> Our findings indicated that a high proportion of infants and young children had been treated with antibiotics for cough, and nearly one in five of them were used without prescription. More public health campaigns and further education on the appropriate use of antibiotics are needed to ensure the rational treatment of cough in children.<br /><br />Our findings indicated that a high proportion of infants and young children had been treated with antibiotics for cough, and nearly one in five of them were used without prescription. More public health campaigns and further education on the appropriate use of antibiotics are needed to ensure the rational treatment of cough in children.<br /><br /> Socioeconomic inequalities in child growth failure (CGF) remain one of the main challenges in Ethiopia. This study examined socioeconomic inequalities in CGF and determinants that contributed to these inequalities in Ethiopia.<br /><br /> The Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys 2000 and 2016 data were used in this study. A pooled unweighted sample of the two surveys yielded 21514 mother-child pairs (10873 in 2000 and 10641 in 2016). We assessed socioeconomic inequalities in CGF indicators using the concentration curve and concentration index (CI). We then decomposed the CI to identify percentage contribution of each determinant to inequalities.<br /><br /> Socioeconomic inequalities in CGF have increased in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2016. The CI increased from -0.072 and -0.139 for stunting, -0.088 and -0.131 for underweight and -0.015 and -0.050 for wasting between 2000 and 2016, respectively. Factors that mainly contributed to inequalities in stunting included geographical region (49.43%), number of antenatal care visitsioeconomically disadvantaged groups.<br /><br />This study identified substantial socioeconomic inequalities in CGF, and factors that relatively contributed to the disparities. A plausible approach to tackling rising disparities may involve developing interventions on the identified predictors and prioritising actions for the most socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.<br /><br /> Waiting times in the UK for an autism diagnostic assessment have increased rapidly in the last 5 years. This review explored research (including 'grey' literature) to uncover the current evidence base about autism diagnostic pathways and what works best, for whom and in what circumstances, to deliver high quality and timely diagnosis.<br /><br /> We performed a Rapid Realist Review consistent with recognised standards for realist syntheses. We collected 129 grey literature and policy/guidelines and 220 articles from seven databases (January 2011-December 2019). We developed programme theories of how, why and in what contexts an intervention worked, based on cross comparison and synthesis of evidence. The focus was on identifying factors that contributed to a clearly defined intervention (the diagnostic pathway), associated with specific outcomes (high quality and timely), within specific parameters (Autism diagnostic services in Paediatric and Child &amp; Adolescent Mental Health services in the UK). Our Expert Stakeholder Group, including representatives from local parent forums, national advocacy groups and clinicians, was integral to the process.<br /><br /> Based on 45 relevant articles, we identified 7 programme theories that were integral to the process of diagnostic service delivery. Four were related to the clinical pathway initial recognition of possible autism; referral and triaging; diagnostic model; and providing feedback to parents. Three programme theories were pertinent to all stages of the referral and diagnostic process working in partnership with families; interagency working; and training, service evaluation and development.<br /><br /> This theory informed review of childhood autism diagnostic pathways identified important aspects that may contribute to efficient, high quality and family-friendly service delivery. The programme theories will be further tested through a national survey of current practice and in-depth longitudinal case studies of exemplar services.<br /><br /> NCT04422483.<br /><br />NCT04422483.<br /><br /> Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is common and 7.7%-9.8% of patients with BAV have intracranial aneuryms (IAs) which might lead to a devastating subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We aimed to evaluate different screening and follow-up strategies using magnetic resonance angiography for IAs among patients with BAV.<br /><br /> A decision-analytic model was built to evaluate the costs and effectiveness of different management strategies from the Chinese healthcare payer's perspective. The evaluated strategies included natural history without screening for possible IAs, regular screening and no follow-up for detected IAs, and regular screening with regular follow-up (Screen strategy/Follow-up strategy). Base case calculation, as well as probabilistic, one-way, and two-way sensitivity analyses, were performed.<br /><br /> According to the base case calculation, natural history had the least cost and effectiveness while Every 5 years (y)/Annual gained the highest cost and effectiveness. Every 10y/Biennial was cost effective when compared with Every 10y/Every 5y under the willingness-to-pay threshold of ¥211 743 (US$30 162). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that Every 10y/Biennial was superior in 88.3% of the cases when compared with Every 10y/Every 5y. One-way and two-way sensitivity analyses proved that Every 10y/Biennial was the dominant strategy under most circumstances.<br /><br /> Screening for possible IAs among patients with BAV and follow-up for detected IAs would increase the effectiveness. Every 10y/Biennial was the optimal strategy from the Chinese healthcare payer's perspective.<br /><br />Screening for possible IAs among patients with BAV and follow-up for detected IAs would increase the effectiveness. Every 10y/Biennial was the optimal strategy from the Chinese healthcare payer's perspective.<br /><br /> Cognitive impairment (CI) is the common complications in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. Recently, the pathogenesis of CI has been discussed and oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms in these patients. Thiamine and folic acid, which play an important role in relieving the production of reactive oxygen species, reducing homocysteine levels, improving oxidative stress in the nervous system. In pilot study, cognitive function was significantly improved in the group with thiamine and folic supplementation. Based on this result, we hypothesise that thiamine combined with folic acid supplementation may improve cognitive function in patients with MHD.<br /><br /> In this prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study, we will enrol patients undergoing haemodialysis who has the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score lower than 26 to treatment group (thiamine 90 mg/day combined with folic acid 30 mg/day) or control group (thiamine placebo 90 mg/day combined with folic acid placeboed for survival analysis. A p&lt;0.05 is considered statistically significant difference.<br /><br /> This trial has been approved by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Ethics Committee (KY2019-199). After publication of study results, trial report will be published in peer-reviewed journals and/or in national or international conferences.<br /><br /> ChiCTR2000029297.<br /><br />ChiCTR2000029297.<br /><br /> COVID-19 pandemic, a global health crisis, is disrupting the present medical environment. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stroke hospitalisations, especially haemorrhagic stroke.<br /><br /> The EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, Medline, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched for all relevant studies. Two researchers independently screened the studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Odds ratio (OR), total events, OR and 95% CI were considered as the effect size. A fixed-effects model was used to pool the study-specific estimate. The present study was performed by using Review Manager (V.5.3.0) software. We assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<br /><br /> A total of 17 studies with 14 445 cases were included. Overall, the number of stroke admissions is lower in the pandemic period versus the control period (6252 vs 8193). The difference of haemorrhagic stroke is signicant increase in the occurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage in the pandemic period. Due to limited data and the impact of a single article, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on subarachnoid haemorrhage is unclear.<br /><br /> To explore the potential impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on all cause and cause-specific mortality in Norway.<br /><br /> Population-based register study.<br /><br /> The Norwegian cause of Death Registry and the National Population Register of Norway.<br /><br /> All recorded deaths in Norway from March to May from 2010 to 2020.<br /><br /> Rate (per 100 000) of all-cause mortality and causes of death in the European Shortlist for Causes of Death from March to May 2020. The rates were age standardised and adjusted to a 100% register coverage and compared with a 95% prediction interval (PI) from linear regression based on corresponding rates for 2010-2019.<br /><br /> 113 710 deaths were included, of which 10 226 were from 2020. We did not observe any deviation from predicted total mortality. There were fewer than predicted deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases excluding asthma (11.4, 95% PI 11.8 to 15.2) and from other non-ischaemic, non-rheumatic heart diseases (13.9, 95% PI 14.5 to 20.2). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html U0126 mw] The death rates were higher than predicted for Alzheimer's disease (7.3, 95% PI 5.5 to 7.3) and diabetes mellitus (4.1, 95% PI 2.1 to 3.4).<br /><br /> There was no significant difference in the frequency of the major causes of death in the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Norway compared with corresponding periods 2010-2019. There was an increase in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's deaths. Reduced mortality due to some heart and lung conditions may be linked to infection control measures.<br /><br />There was no significant difference in the frequency of the major causes of death in the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Norway compared with corresponding periods 2010-2019. There was an increase in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's deaths. Reduced mortality due to some heart and lung conditions may be linked to infection control measures.