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BACKGROUND Medical schools in South Africa must be responsive to the health needs of the rapidly ageing population. Reports of the poor quality of care received by elderly patients raises concerns about the training of medical students. A review of the curriculum can help to assess current geriatric care training and identify the areas in need of improvement. This study was conducted to describe the nature and scope of undergraduate medical education in geriatric care at a South African university. METHODS An exploratory, descriptive case study was conducted to analyse the learning objectives, opportunities and outcomes of the 6-year undergraduate medical program. Data included an electronic curriculum supported by student and teacher guides. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with health professions educators. RESULTS The curriculum covered key geriatric competencies that included addressing geriatric syndromes and conducting a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Teaching on geriatric competencies occurred mainly in the clinical years, was integrated and no sub-minima was applied in its assessment. Teaching occurred in disciplinary silos with little involvement of the multidisciplinary team. Learning objectives and assessments focussed on geriatric knowledge and skills. CONCLUSION The curriculum targets the development of student geriatric knowledge and skills, but not student attitudes towards caring for older patients. However, a national curriculum will ensure greater coverage of geriatric care competencies, particularly advocacy and attitudes towards caring for geriatric patients. Greater engagement with stakeholders in geriatric health care will inform suitable educational guidelines for undergraduate medical education in geriatric care at this institution. This may also contribute to a standardised national curriculum.Transition-metal ion doping has been demonstrated to be effective for tuning the photoluminescence properties of perovskite quantum dots (QDs). However, it would inevitably introduce defects in the lattice. As the Mn concentration increases, the Mn dopant photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) first increases and then decreases. Herein the influence of the dopant and the defect states on the photophysics in Mn-doped CsPbCl3 QDs was studied by time-resolved spectroscopies, whereas the energy levels of the possible defect states were analyzed by density functional theory calculations. We reveal the formation of deep interstitials defects (Cli) by Mn2+ doping. The depopulation of initial QD exciton states is a competition between exciton-dopant energy transfer and defect trapping on an early time scale ( less then 100 ps), which determines the final PLQY of the QDs. The present work establishes a robust material optimization guideline for all of the emerging applications where a high PLQY is essential.The macrocyclic structure of 2,18-seco-lankacidinol A, a newly isolated antitumor antibiotic, has been revised on the basis of a concise modular synthesis inspired by a reconsidered biosynthetic proposal. Notable features include (1) an acid-promoted intramolecular transacetalization of a N-lactoyl-O-methyl-N,O-acetal to construct the 4-oxazolidinone ring and (2) late-stage β-keto imide aldolizations that give rise to facile, stereodivergent access to all lactonic diastereomers.Water at the solid-liquid interface exhibits an anomalous ionic conductivity and dielectric constant compared to bulk water. Both phenomena still lack a detailed understanding. Here, we report radio-frequency measurements and analyses of the electrodynamic properties of interfacial water confined in nanoporous matrices formed by diamond grains of various sizes, ranging from 5 nm to 0.5 μm in diameter. Contrary to bulk water, the charge-carrying protons/holes in interfacial water are not mutually screened, allowing for higher mobility in the external electric field. Thus, the protonic conductivity reaches a maximum value, which can be 5 orders of magnitude higher than that of bulk water. Our results aid in the understanding of physical and chemical properties of water confined in porous materials and pave the way to the development of new type of highly efficient proton-conductive materials for applications in electrochemical energy systems, membrane separations science, and nanofluidics.Rayleigh scattering is usually considered to be the elastic scattering of photons from subwavelength physical objects, such as small particles or molecules. Here, we present a quantitative spectroscopic study of the scattering properties of molecules embedded in an optical cavity under strong coupling conditions, where the collective interaction between the molecules and the cavity gives rise to composite light-matter excitations known as cavity polaritons. We show that the polaritonic states exhibit strong resonant Rayleigh scattering, which depends on both the coupling strength and detuning and reaching ∼25% efficiency. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-2666605.html BAY 2666605 mouse] Since the polaritonic wave functions in such systems are delocalized, our observations correspond to the collective scattering of each photon from a large ensemble of molecules.The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that is involved in the control of organ size and development. The TEAD transcription factors are the most downstream elements of the Hippo pathway, and their transcriptional activity is regulated via the interaction with different co-regulators such as YAP. The structure of the YAPTEAD complex shows that YAP binds to TEAD via two distinct secondary structure elements, an α-helix and an Ω-loop, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the Ω-loop is the "hot spot" of this interaction. While much is known about how YAP and TEAD interact with each other, little is known about the mechanism leading to the formation of a complex between these two proteins. Here we combine site-directed mutagenesis with pre-steady-state kinetic measurements to show that the association between these proteins follows an apparent one-step binding mechanism. Furthermore, linear free energy relationships and a Φ analysis suggest that binding-induced folding of the YAP α-helix to TEAD occurs independently of and before formation of the Ω-loop interface. Thus, the binding-induced folding of YAP appears not to conform to the concomitant formation of tertiary structure (nucleation-condensation) usually observed for coupled binding and folding reactions. Our findings demonstrate how a mechanism reminiscent of the classical framework (diffusion-collision) mechanism of protein folding may operate in disorder-to-order transitions involving intrinsically disordered proteins.Sequencing by synthesis is a significant method for high-throughput DNA sequencing. Herein, we synthesized terminal aggregated-induced-emission luminogen (AIEgen) labelled nucleotides (dNTPs-HCAP) that could serve as substrates for some polymerases and applied them into the sequencing of small DNA fragments. In the process of DNA amplification, ratiometric AIEgens are released from dNTPs-HCAP and aggregate through the effects of phosphatase, which results in changes in the ratiometric fluorescent signals. With the AIEgen-labelled nucleotides, we accomplished the sequencing of a small DNA fragment through double changes in fluorescence. In addition, we achieved the differentiation of single nucleotide polymorphisms through rolling circle amplification reactions without the addition of signal probes, which is fast and cost-effective. The introduction of ratiometric AIEgens into DNA synthesis makes the detection of DNA sequences more efficient and accurate. Therefore, the development of AIEgen-labelled nucleotides is meaningful for the study of DNA sequencing methods.In recent years, with the emergence of various kinds of drug-resistant bacteria, existing antibiotics have become inefficient in killing these bacteria, and the formation of biofilms has further weakened the therapeutic effect. More problematically, the massive use and abuse of antibiotics have caused severe side effects. Thus, the development of ultra-efficient and safe antibacterial systems is urgently needed. Herein, a photodynamic therapy (PDT)-driven CO-controlled delivery system (Ce6&amp;CO@FADP) is developed for synergistic antibacterial and ablation biofilms. Ce6&amp;CO@FADP is constructed using a fluorinated amphiphilic dendritic peptide (FADP) and physically loaded with Ce6 and CORM-401. After efficiently entering the bacteria, Ce6&amp;CO@FADP can rapidly release CO intracellularly by the massive consumption of the H2O2 generated during the PDT process, without affecting the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). As such, the combination of CO and 1O2 exerts notable synergistic antibacterial and biofilm ablation effects both in vitro and in vivo (including subcutaneous bacterial infection and biofilm catheter models) experiments. More importantly, all biosafety assessments suggest the good biocompatibility of Ce6&amp;CO@FADP. Together, these results reveal that Ce6&amp;CO@FADP is an efficient and safe antibacterial system, which has essential application prospects for the treatment of bacterial infections and ablation of biofilms in vivo.We report a comparative study of the electron-induced reaction of pentyl bromide (PeBr) and phenyl bromide (PhBr) on Cu(110) at 4.6 K, observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The induced dissociation of the intact adsorbed molecule for both reagents occurred at an energy of 2.0 eV, producing a hydrocarbon radical and a Br atom. Electron-induced C-Br bond dissociation was found to be a single-electron process for both reagents. The impulsive two-state (I2S) model was used to describe the Br atom recoil as due to molecular excitation to a repulsive anti-bonding state, in which recoil of the dissociation products occurred due to C·Br repulsion along the prior C-Br bond direction. The measured reaction yield was 3 orders of magnitude greater for PeBr, 2.0 × 10-7 reactive events per electron, than for PhBr with a yield of 1.7 × 10-10. The low yield of dissociation products from the aromatic PhBr was attributed to the presence of two additional anionic states below the 2.0 eV energy limit, absent for the aliphatic PeBr; these additional anionic states for PhBr could provide a pathway for electron transfer to the surface in the case of the aromatic, but not the aliphatic, anion. The consequent shorter lifetime of the repulsive aromatic anion of PhBr is consistent with the observation of shorter mean recoil distance (3.2 Å) of its Br dissociation product, as compared with the markedly longer recoil (8.7 Å) of Br observed from the anion of PeBr.SIS3 is a specific inhibitor of Smad3 that inhibits the TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3. In this article, a variety of SIS3 derivatives were designed and synthesized to discover potential inhibitors against P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance to cancer cells aided by late-stage functionalization of 2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenoxy)pyridine analogue. A novel class of potent P-gp reversal agents were investigated and a lead compound 37 was identified as a potent P-gp reversal agent with strong bioactivity and outstanding affinity for ABCB1.