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001) and the presence of necrosis (p = 0.021). In univariate survival analysis, we identified the following three novel morphological features associated with survival exophytic polypoid growth pattern, tumor density, and single mesothelium layered tubular structures. After adjustments, low nuclear grade (p less then 0.001) and presence of exophytic polypoid growth (p = 0.024) were associated with prolonged survival. These results may aid in estimating DMM prognosis. Flat urothelial lesions with atypia may pose significant diagnostic challenges. Given frequent increased proliferation rates in florid reactive urothelial atypia and limited studies on the interpretation of p53 stains in urothelium (following current standard guidelines for correlation with P53 mutation status), we sought to further study the discriminatory value of Ki-67 and p53 for florid reactive urothelial atypia versus urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS). Bladder specimens diagnosed as reactive urothelial atypia (n=40) and CIS (n=40) were assessed by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies for Ki-67, p53, CD44, and CK20. Immunoreactivity was scored based on percent cells positive for Ki-67 and pattern of reactivity with p53 [aberrant diffuse strong positive or negative; normal patchy/wild type]. CD44 and CK20 reactivity patterns served as adjunctive internal validation controls for reactive urothelial atypia and CIS, as previously described. In reactive urothelial atypia, Ki-67 ranged from 0% to 90% 40%) showed focal expression in the non-neoplastic basal cell layer; 24 cases (60%) demonstrated no staining. In summary, Ki-67 has poor discriminatory value for reactive urothelial atypia versus CIS, and adds little to the classic CK20/CD44 immunophenotype. While p53 sensitivity for CIS is relatively low (30%) and interpretation as either wild type or negative may be challenging in a small subset of cases, strong and diffuse nuclear reactivity was 100% specific in the distinction from florid reactive urothelial atypia in this cohort. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent chronic systemic disease, which may cause cognitive decline and degenerative change of the brain. Neuronal differentiation defects of neural stem cells (NSCs) played an important role in the development and progression of diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD), but the intrinsic pathological mechanism remains largely unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that expression level of HDAC3 was upregulated in diabetic mice with reduced learning and memory abilities and in cultured NSCs after advanced glycation end products (AGEs) induction. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/2-3-cgamp.html 2',3'-cGAMP concentration] In addition, AGEs interfered with normal differentiation of the cultured NSCs, and knocking down the expression of HDAC3 could partially attenuate the inhibitory effect of AGEs on NSCs differentiation. Findings in this study demonstrate that HDAC3 may serve as an experimental clue for revealing the pathogenesis of DACD. Electroacupuncture (EA), a traditional Chinese replacement therapy, is widely accepted to treat ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence show that autophagy is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia injury and the Wnt/GSK3β pathway, playing an important role in protecting central nervous system. In this study, rats were treated with EA prior to focal ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Deficit score, infarct volumes and levels of autophagy markers, such as LC3I, LC3II and p62, were assessed with either PI3K inhibitor wortmannin or a GSK-3β inhibitor LiCl. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) was made in the primitive neuron in vitro, and was respectively treated with autophagy inhibitors 3-MA, LiCl, GSK3β siRNA, or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. The results indicated that EA pretreatment increased the levels of autophagy marker LC3-II and reduced the levels of p62. Meanwhile, deficit outcome was improved, and infarct volumes were reduced by EA pretreatment. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of EA pretreatment were reversed by wortmannin. LiCl and GSK3β siRNA can mimic the neuroprotective effects of EA pretreatment by downregulating autophagy, and increasing protein levels of p-mTOR, p-GSK3β and β-catenin in OGD/R neurons. However, the protective effects of GSK3β siRNA were blocked by rapamycin. These results suggest that EA pretreatment induces tolerance to cerebral ischemia by inhibiting autophagy via the Wnt pathway through the inhibition of GSK3β. BACKGROUND Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States each year are unintended, with the highest rates observed among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women. Little is known about whether variations in unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use across racial and ethnic groups persist among women Veteran VA-users who have more universal access than other populations to health care and contraceptive services. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to identify history of unintended pregnancy and describe patterns of contraceptive use across racial and ethnic groups among women Veterans accessing VA primary care. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional data from a national random sample of women Veterans (n=2302) ages 18-44 who had accessed VA primary care in the previous 12 month were used to assess history of unintended pregnancy (pregnancies reported as either 'unwanted' or having occurred 'too soon'). Any contraceptive use at last sex (both prescription and non-prescription methods) and prescription contraery of patient-centered reproductive goals assessment and contraceptive counseling that can address knowledge gaps while respectfully considering individual patient preferences is needed to support women Veterans' decision-making and ensure equitable reproductive health services across VA. BACKGROUND A rapid increase in restrictive abortion legislation in the United States has sparked renewed interest in self-managed abortion as a response to clinic access barriers. Yet little is known about knowledge of, interest in, and experiences of self-managed medication abortion among patients who obtain abortion care in a clinic. OBJECTIVE (s) We examined patients' knowledge of, interest in, and experience with self-managed medication abortion before presenting to the clinic. We characterized the clinic- and person-level factors associated with these measures. Finally, we examined the reasons why patients express an interest in or consider self-management before attending the clinic. STUDY DESIGN We surveyed 1,502 abortion patients at three Texas clinics in McAllen, San Antonio, and Fort Worth. All individuals seeking abortion care who could complete the survey in English or Spanish were invited to participate in an anonymous survey conducted using iPads. The overall response rate was 90%. We examined the prevalence of four outcome variables, both overall, and separately by site 1) knowledge of self-managed medication abortion; 2) having considered self-managing using medications before attending the clinic; 3) interest in medication self-management as an alternative to accessing care at the clinic; and 4) having sought or tried any method of self-management before attending the clinic.