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lation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.<br /><br />The enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity of the Ginsenoside Rh2 nanoniosomal formulation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.It is essential to acknowledge the efforts made thus far to manage or eliminate various disease burden faced by humankind. However, the rising global trends of the so-called incurable diseases continue to put pressure on Pharma industries and other drug discovery platforms. In the past, drugs with more than one target were deemed as undesirable options with interest being on the one-drug-single target. Despite the successes of the single-target drugs, it is currently beyond doubt that these drugs have limited efficacy against complex diseases in which the pathogenesis is dependent on a set of biochemical events and several bioreceptors operating concomitantly. Different approaches have thus been proposed to come up with effective drugs to combat even the complex diseases. In the past, the focus was on producing drugs from screening plant compounds; today, we talk about combination therapy and multi-targeting drugs. The multi-target drugs have recently attracted much attention as promising tools to fight against most challenging diseases, and thus a new research focus area. This review will discuss the potential impact of multi-target drug approach on various complex diseases with focus on malaria, tuberculosis (TB), diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases as the main representatives of multifactorial diseases. We will also discuss alternative ideas to solve the current problems bearing in mind the fourth industrial revolution on drug discovery.Film-forming sprays offer many advantages compared to conventional topical preparations because they can provide uniform drug distribution and dose, increased bioavailability, lower incidence of irritation, continuous drug release, and accelerated wound healing through moisture control. Film-forming sprays consist of polymers and excipients that improve the characteristics of preparations and enhance the stability of active substances. Each type of polymer and excipient will produce films with different features. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gs-4224.html GS-4224 chemical structure] Therefore, the various types of polymers and excipients and their evaluation standards need to be examined for the development of a more optimal form of film-forming spray. The selected literature included research on polymers as film-forming matrices and the application of these sprays for medical purposes or for potential medical use. This article discusses the types and concentrations of polymers and excipients, sprayer types, evaluations, and critical parameters in determining the sprayability and film characteristics. The review concludes that both natural and synthetic polymers that have in situ film or viscoelastic properties can be used to optimise topical drug delivery.<br /><br /> To report 2-year outcomes of trans-epithelial accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking (TE-ACXL) procedure in the treatment of progressive keratoconus patients.<br /><br /> Twenty-four eyes from 24 patients who underwent TE-ACXL (6mW/cm<br /><br /> for 15 minutes) were included in this retrospective interventional study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), keratometry values, thinnest corneal thickness (PachyMin) and topometric indexes were analysed preoperatively and at 6-month, 12-month, 18-month and 24-month postoperative. Progression was assessed by increase ≥1.00D in maximum keratometry (Kmax); increase ≥1.00D in corneal astigmatism; decrease ≥2% in PachyMin; increase ≥0.42 in D-index.<br /><br /> There were no complications during or after TE-ACXL. No significant differences (Δ) were observed between baseline and 12-month or 24-month postoperative ∆BCVA (-0.08 ± 0.25, <br /><br /> =0.190; -0.04 ± 0.17, <br /><br /> =0.588), ∆Kmax (-0.08 ± 1.32, <br /><br /> =0.792; -1.04 ± 1.89, <br /><br /> =0.135), ∆Astigmatism (-0.15 ± 0.89, <br /><br /> =0.485; -0.24 ± 1.38, <br /><br /> =0.609), ∆PachyMin (-0.56 ± 15.70, <br /><br /> =0.882; 0.56 ± 18.74, <br /><br /> =0.931), ∆Index Surface Variation (∆ISV) (-2.11 ± 10.27, <br /><br /> =0.395; -4.67 ± 17.32, <br /><br /> =0.442), ∆Index Vertical Asymmetry (∆IVA) (-0.05 ± 0.17, <br /><br /> =0.208; -0.08 ± 0.26, <br /><br /> =0.397), ∆Index Height Decentration (∆IHD) (0.00 ± 0.02, <br /><br /> =0.368; -0.01 ± 0.04, <br /><br /> =0.484), ∆KI (0.00 ± 0.05, <br /><br /> =0.851; 0.01 ± 0.06, <br /><br /> =0.877) and ∆D-index (0.15 ± 1.14, <br /><br /> =0.572; 0.06 ± 1.36, <br /><br /> =0.892). Eleven to 33% of patients had disease progression at 24-month postoperative according to the parameters used to determine progression.<br /><br /> Although some patients maintain disease progression, TE-ACXL seems to be a safe and effective treatment for keratoconus over the 2-year follow-up period. Studies with longer follow-up periods and larger patient cohorts are recommended.<br /><br />Although some patients maintain disease progression, TE-ACXL seems to be a safe and effective treatment for keratoconus over the 2-year follow-up period. Studies with longer follow-up periods and larger patient cohorts are recommended.The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly limited the capacity of healthcare systems to provide elective services like cataract surgery. Cataract formation is a frequent complication after pars plana vitrectomy. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of combined phacovitrectomy as opposed to sequential surgery in the post-pandemic era. In particular, we discuss the patient-level visual benefits and societal economic advantages of this procedure.<br /><br /> To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction measured by a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) prism and a modified surface Goldmann (CATS) prism with the institution of a topical prostaglandin analog (PGA) or alternatively a topical beta blocker.<br /><br /> Prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled, and reference device comparison.<br /><br /> Thirty-six (36) treatment naïve glaucoma patients (72 eyes) were randomized equally to treatment with latanoprost 0.005% or timolol maleate 0.5%. Each patient underwent IOP measurement with standard GAT and CATS prisms before and at 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal hysteresis (CH) were also measured. Medication response was defined as a 20% reduction in IOP from baseline.<br /><br /> The CATS prism demonstrated the IOP reduction with topical latanoprost at a mean of 1.9 mmHg lower than the IOP measured with GAT (p=0.01). The CATS and GAT prisms detected no difference in IOP reduction with timolol (p=0.23). The number of latanoprost treatment non-responders was reduced from 36.