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Organized medicine's persistent demand for high payments is one factor that contributes to the rising costs of health care. The profession's longstanding preference for private and fee-for-service practice has pressured payers to increase reimbursement rates in fee-based systems; and it has stalled, thwarted, or otherwise co-opted attempts to contain costs in other payment systems. Yet what doctors want in fact varies. This comment revisits classic comparative studies of organized medicine in the advanced democracies to highlight two underemphasized findings (1) physicians' financial preferences can deviate from traditional expectations, and (2) the structure of the organizations that represent doctors can shape whether and how those preferences are expressed. These findings remain relevant today, as a discussion of contemporary American health politics illustrates.Vascular remodeling is a pathological basis of various disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the occurrence, prevention, and treatment of vascular remodeling. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) has been identified as a significant factor in cardiovascular diseases during the last two decades. This review provides a mechanism network of function and regulation of KLF5 in vascular remodeling based on newly published data and gives a summary of its potential therapeutic applications. KLF5 modulates numerous biological processes, which play essential parts in the development of vascular remodeling, such as cell proliferation, phenotype switch, extracellular matrix deposition, inflammation, and angiogenesis by altering downstream genes and signaling pathways. Considering its essential functions, KLF5 could be developed as a potent therapeutic target in vascular disorders.<br /><br /> To characterize the phenotypic presentation at diagnosis of childhood-onset primary Sjögren syndrome (SjS).<br /><br /> The Big Data Sjögren Project Consortium is an international, multicentre registry using worldwide data-sharing cooperative merging of pre-existing clinical SjS databases from the five continents. For this study, we selected those patients in whom the disease was diagnosed below the age of 19 according to the fulfilment of the 2002/2016 classification criteria.<br /><br /> Among the 12 083 patients included in the Sjögren Big Data Registry, 158 (1.3%) patients had a childhood-onset diagnosis (136 girls, mean age of 14.2 years) 126 (80%) reported dry mouth, 111 (70%) dry eyes, 52 (33%) parotid enlargement, 118/122 (97%) positive minor salivary gland biopsy and 60/64 (94%) abnormal salivary ultrasound study, 140/155 (90%) positive antinuclear antibody, 138/156 (89%) anti-Ro/La antibodies and 86/142 (68%) positive rheumatoid factor. The systemic ESSDAI domains containing the highest frequencies of active patients included the glandular (47%), articular (26%) and lymphadenopathy (25%) domains. Patients with childhood-onset primary SjS showed the highest mean ESSDAI score and the highest frequencies of systemic disease in 5 (constitutional, lymphadenopathy, glandular, cutaneous and haematological) of the 12 ESSDAI domains, and the lowest frequencies in 4 (articular, pulmonary, peripheral nerve and central nervous system) in comparison with patients with adult-onset disease.<br /><br /> Childhood-onset primary SjS involves around 1% of patients with primary SjS, with a clinical phenotype dominated by sicca features, parotid enlargement and systemic disease. Age at diagnosis plays a key role on modulating the phenotypic expression of the disease.<br /><br />Childhood-onset primary SjS involves around 1% of patients with primary SjS, with a clinical phenotype dominated by sicca features, parotid enlargement and systemic disease. Age at diagnosis plays a key role on modulating the phenotypic expression of the disease.<br /><br /> The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) determined the etiologic agents of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children under 5 years old in Africa and Asia. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/(-)-Epigallocatechin-gallate.html EGCG cell line] Here, we describe the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars in GEMS and examine the phylogenetics of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolates.<br /><br /> Salmonella isolated from children with MSD or diarrhea-free controls were identified by classical clinical microbiology and serotyped using antisera and/or whole genome sequence data. We evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types were determined using multi-locus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing was performed to assess the phylogeny of ST313.<br /><br /> Out of 370 Salmonella-positive individuals, 190 (51.4%) were MSD cases and 180 (48.6%) were diarrhea-free controls. The most frequent Salmonella serovars identified were Salmonella Typhimurium, serogroup O8 (C2-C3), serogroup O6,7 omatically by humans in sub-Saharan Africa.<br /><br /> Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between osteoarthritis (OA) and gout; however, the association between serum uric acid (UA) itself and knee OA remains uncertain due to a lack of longitudinal studies. Here, we investigated the association between serum UA and knee OA according to cartilage status in elderly community residents without gout.<br /><br /> In this longitudinal study, participants without a history of gout were recruited from among the Korean cohort of the Hallym Aging Study (n = 296 for radiography study and n = 223 for MRI study). Weight-bearing knee radiographs and 1.5-T MRI scans, along with blood collection for analysis of serum UA, were performed at baseline and after 3 years. The severity and structural progression of knee OA were evaluated using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system and the Whole-Organ MRI Score (WORMS) cartilage scoring method. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.<br /><br /> Serum UA levels were not associated with radiographic progression after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). There was no significant association between serum UA and tibiofemoral cartilage loss on MRI. However, baseline serum UA levels were negatively associated with patellofemoral cartilage loss over 3 years (adjusted odd ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.98).<br /><br /> In this population-based cohort, serum UA was not a risk factor for knee OA progression. Further large-scale longitudinal studies in other populations are needed to validate the effects of UA on cartilage damage.<br /><br />In this population-based cohort, serum UA was not a risk factor for knee OA progression. Further large-scale longitudinal studies in other populations are needed to validate the effects of UA on cartilage damage.