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Parasellar spaces remain particularly singular, comprising most important neurovascular structures as internal carotid artery, optic, oculomotor and trigeminal nerves. Meningiomas are one of the most frequent tumors arising from parasellar spaces. In this location, meningiomas remain mostly benign tumors with WHO grade I and meningothelial subtype. Progestin intake should be investigated and leads mostly to conservative strategy. In case of benign non-symptomatic tumor, observation should be proposed. Tumor growth will lead to propose surgery or radiosurgery. In case of uncertain diagnosis and aggressive pattern, a precise diagnosis is required. For cavernous sinus and Meckel's cave lesions, complete removal is rarely considered leading to propose endoscopic endonasal or transcranial biopsy. Optic nerve decompression could also be proposed via these both approaches. A case by case discussion about the best approach is recommended. Transcranial approach remains necessary for tumor removal in most cases. Vascular injury could lead to severe complications. CSF leak, meningitis, venous sacrifice, visual impairment and cranial nerves palsies are more frequent complications. Pituitary dysfunctions are rare in preoperative assessment as in postoperative follow-up but should be assessed in case of meningiomas located close to the pituitary axis. Long-term follow-up is required given the frequent incomplete tumor removal and the risk of delayed recurrence. Radiosurgery is relevant for small and well-limited meningiomas or intra-CS postoperative residue, whereas RT and proton beam therapy are indicated for large extended non-operable meningiomas. The place of the peptide receptor radionuclide therapy needs to be defined. Targeted therapy should be considered in rare recurrent and aggressive parasellar meningiomas.Primates are hypothesized to "fall back" on challenging-to-process foods when preferred foods are less available. Such dietary shifts may be accompanied by changes in oral processing behavior argued to be selectively important. Here, we examine the oral processing behavior of Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in the Taï Forest across their dietary breadth, testing relationships among food intake, fruit availability, preference, and oral processing behaviors including those involved in food ingestion and breakdown. We conducted 1,066 focal follows from April 2016 to September 2017 documenting frequencies of incisor, canine, and cheek tooth mastications (i.e., chews) per ingestive action (n = 11,906 feeding events). We used phenological survey and scan sample data collected between 2004 and 2009 to examine dietary preference and food availability. Our analyses show that Diana monkeys processed foods in significantly different ways (H2 = 360.8, p 0.05); however, preferred fruits were processed with significantly fewer mastications (i.e., less chewing) than nonpreferred fruits (U = 6,557, p less then 0.001). We thus demonstrate that, when preferred foods are scarce, Diana monkeys do not fall back on difficult-to-process foods. Changes in processing profiles occurred throughout the year and not solely when preferred foods were in short supply. Though preferred fruits required less processing than nonpreferred fruits, we found no relationship between fruit preference and fruit availability. Diana monkeys' lack of readily identifiable fallback foods may be attributable to the relatively high tree diversity and productivity of the Taï Forest. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html selleck compound] We conclude that Diana monkeys engage in resource switching, consuming a relatively easy-to-process diet year-round.Background Systematic assessment of lymph node status by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is indicated in (suspected) lung cancer. Sampling is herein guided by nodal size and FDG-PET characteristics. Ultrasound strain elastography (SE) might further improve risk stratification. By imaging tissue deformation over time, SE computes relative tissue strain. In several tissues, a lower strain (deformation) has been associated with a higher likelihood of malignancy. Objectives To assess if EBUS-SE can independently help predict malignancy, and when combined with size and FDG uptake information. Methods This multicenter (n = 5 centers) prospective trial included patients with suspected or proven lung cancer using a standardized measurement protocol. Cytopathology combined with surgery or follow-up imaging (&gt;6 months) were used as reference standard. Results Between June 2016 and July 2018, 327 patients and 525 lymph nodes were included (mean size 12.3 mm, malignancy prevalence 0.48). EBUS-SE had an overall AUC of 0.77. A mean strain less then 115 (range 0-255) showed 90% sensitivity, 43% specificity, 60% positive predictive value, and 82% negative predictive value. Combining EBUS-SE ( less then 115) with size ( less then 8 mm) and FDG-PET information into a risk stratification algorithm increased the accuracy. Combining size and SE showed that the 48% a priori chance of malignancy changed to 11 and 70% in double negative or positive nodes, respectively. In the subset where FDG-PET was available (n = 370), triple negative and positive nodes went from a 42% a priori chance of malignancy to 9 and 73%, respectively. Conclusions EBUS-SE can help predict lymph node malignancy and may be useful for risk stratification when combined with size and PET information.Introduction Histological alterations in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are heterogeneously distributed throughout the liver. Thus, the quality of histological staging is probably dependent on the available amount of liver tissue. The goals of this study were to test this hypothesis and to define biopsy conditions for obtaining sufficient tissue. Methods In this retrospective analysis, we investigated 34 patient cases who fulfilled the criteria of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) for PBC and underwent a mini-laparoscopic liver biopsy between 2011 and 2018 using 16 or 18G needles. For histological assessment of fibrosis, we used the Ishak score, and the amount of tissue was measured by the number of portal fields. Histological staging was compared with the macroscopic mini-laparoscopic fibrosis score (MLFS), and non-invasive liver stiffness measurements using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and the FIB-4 score. Results Biopsy was successful in 33 of 34 patients (97%).