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Nine data elements were deemed essential for variant classification by the expert panel. Participating laboratories unanimously expressed a willingness to adopt these data elements in their requisition forms. This study demonstrates the value of comparing and sharing best practices through an expert group, such as the ClinGen Program, to enhance variant interpretation, providing a foundation for leveraging cumulative case-level data in public databases and ultimately improving patient care.The most recent build of the human reference genome, GRCh38, was released in 2013. However, many laboratories performing next-generation sequencing (NGS) continue to align to GRCh37. Our aim was to assess the number of clinical diagnostic laboratories that have migrated to GRCh38 and discern factors impeding migration for those still using GRCh37. A brief, five-question survey was electronically administered to 71 clinical laboratories offering constitutional NGS-based testing and analyzed categorically. Twenty-eight responses meeting inclusion criteria were collected from 24 academic and four commercial diagnostic laboratories. Most of these (14; 50%) reported volumes of less then 500 NGS-based tests in 2019. Only two respondents (7%) had already migrated entirely to GRCh38; most laboratories (15; 54%) had no plans to migrate. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pirtobrutinib-loxo-305.html Pirtobrutinib] The two prevailing reasons for not yet migrating were as follows laboratories did not feel the benefits outweighed the time and monetary costs (14; 50%); and laboratories had insufficient staff to facilitate the migration (12; 43%). These data, although limited, suggest most clinical molecular laboratories are reluctant to migrate to GRCh38, and there appear to be multiple obstacles to overcome before GRCh38 is widely adopted.<br /><br /> Adolescents face many barriers to obtaining emergency contraception (EC), despite it being an approved and recommended method to prevent unintended pregnancy. This study examined pharmacy-related barriers to adolescents' access to EC in Louisiana.<br /><br /> Prospective, telephone-call secret shopper study to pharmacies to assess same-day EC availability and barriers to purchase.<br /><br /> A total of 182 pharmacies in 5 Louisiana cities.<br /><br /> Responses provided by pharmacists or other pharmacy staff assessed between July 2018 and November 2019.<br /><br /> Collected data from secret shopper phone calls and compared responses provided to callers between male and female callers and physician and adolescent callers.<br /><br /> Same-day levonorgestrel (LNG) availability, same-day ulipristal acetate (UPA) availability, age restrictions on purchase, requirement of parental consent for purchase, and type of staff member that advised the caller.<br /><br /> Of 364 calls to 182 pharmacies, 66% of pharmacists or other pharmacy staff reported same-day LNG access and 5% reported same-day UPA access. An inaccurate age restriction regarding EC purchase was reported in 15% of calls. Female callers were cited this age restriction more frequently than their male counterparts (20% vs 10%). Pharmacists were more likely than other pharmacy staff to counsel female callers compared to male callers (52% vs 27%) and physician callers compared to adolescents (50% vs 30%).<br /><br /> Many pharmacies in Louisiana have limited same-day availability of EC and often report inconsistent and inaccurate age and consent regulations for its use. Continued outreach and education to pharmacies is necessary to address these barriers to adolescent EC access.<br /><br />Many pharmacies in Louisiana have limited same-day availability of EC and often report inconsistent and inaccurate age and consent regulations for its use. Continued outreach and education to pharmacies is necessary to address these barriers to adolescent EC access.Bryozoans are aquatic colonial suspension-feeders abundant in many marine and freshwater benthic communities. At the same time, the phylum is under studied on both morphological and molecular levels, and its position on the metazoan tree of life is still disputed. Bryozoa include the exclusively marine Stenolaemata, predominantly marine Gymnolaemata and exclusively freshwater Phylactolaemata. Here we report the mitochondrial genome of the phylactolaemate bryozoan Cristatella mucedo. This species has the largest (21,008 bp) of all currently known bryozoan mitogenomes, containing a typical metazoan gene compendium as well as a number of non-coding regions, three of which are longer than 1500 bp. The trnS1/trnG/nad3 region is presumably duplicated in this species. Comparative analysis of the gene order in C. mucedo and another phylactolaemate bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica, confirmed their close relationships, and revealed a stronger similarity to mitogenomes of phoronids and other lophotrochozoan species than to marine bryozoans, indicating the ancestral nature of their gene arrangement. We suggest that the ancestral gene order underwent substantial changes in different bryozoan cladesshowing mosaic distribution of conservative gene blocks regardless of their phylogenetic position. Altogether, our results support the early divergence of Phylactolaemata from the rest of Bryozoa.Although information processing and storage in the brain is thought to be primarily orchestrated by synaptic plasticity, other neural mechanisms such as intrinsic plasticity are available. While a number of recent studies have described the plasticity of intrinsic excitability in several types of neurons, the significance of non-synaptic mechanisms in memory and learning remains elusive. After reviewing plasticity of intrinsic excitation in relation to learning and homeostatic mechanisms, we focus on the intrinsic properties of a class of basal-ganglia projecting song system neurons in zebra finch, how these related to each bird's unique learned song, how these properties change over development, and how they are maintained dynamically to rapidly change in response to auditory feedback perturbations. We place these results in the broader theme of learning and changes in intrinsic properties, emphasizing the computational implications of this form of plasticity, which are distinct from synaptic plasticity. The results suggest that exploring reciprocal interactions between intrinsic and network properties will be a fruitful avenue for understanding mechanisms of birdsong learning.