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Mortality in our study group was 55% with death occurring 1 month to 8 years from diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma.<br /><br /> Intraocular lymphoma is a masquerade syndrome that mimics chronicuveitis and poses a diagnostic challenge. The diagnosis is often delayed and despite the eventual diagnosis, the disease prognosis is poor even with aggressive treatment.<br /><br />Intraocular lymphoma is a masquerade syndrome that mimics chronicuveitis and poses a diagnostic challenge. The diagnosis is often delayed and despite the eventual diagnosis, the disease prognosis is poor even with aggressive treatment.<br /><br /> To assess the outcome of cataract surgery in patients with uveitis without the use of prophylactic high dose (&gt; 5-10 mg/day) systemic steroid.<br /><br /> [https://www.selleckchem.com/ learn more] based prospective study enrolling 64 eyes of 60 patients with uveitis and cataract from May 2013 to April 2014 having intraocular inflammation under control for at least 3 months preoperatively and underwent phacoemulsification with in bag placement of foldable acrylic intraocular lens (IOL).<br /><br /> Twenty six male and 34 female were included with mean age of 47.23 ± 16.85SD (16-85) years. In 43.75 % of eyes the uveitis was idiopathic followed by sarcoiduveitis (18.7%), Herpetic uveitis (15.6%), Tubercular uveitis (6.2%), VKH (4.6%), HLAB 27(4.6%), Behcet's, endogenous endophthalmitis, Wegener's granulomatosis and lepromatous uveitis (1.5% each). Anterior chamber cell count was grade 1+ in 33 eyes (51.56%) on 1st post-operative day and in 29 eyes (45.31%) on second follow up. Out of total 11 eyes (17.18%) that developed fibrin, 7 eyes were treated with subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone with half hourly topical steroid drops. Other 4 eyes that developed fibrin responded to half hourly topical steroid. #link# Dose of oralprednisolone increased in 6 patients in early post operative duration. At the final follow up, 50 eyes (92.58% ) had improvement in best corrected visual acuity and cystoidmacular edema (CME) in 5% (n=3) eyes.<br /><br /> Even without the use of preoperative high dose of oral steroid, inflammation was under control with significant improvement in visual acuity 3 months postoperatively.<br /><br />Even without the use of preoperative high dose of oral steroid, inflammation was under control with significant improvement in visual acuity 3 months postoperatively.<br /><br /> Lens induced glaucoma due to hypermature cataracts is an important cause of secondary glaucoma in the developing world. The most common etiology of lens induced glaucoma is phacomorphic glaucoma from untreated senile cataract.<br /><br /> To study the demographics, clinical presentations and surgical outcome of lens induced glaucoma (LIG).<br /><br /> It is the prospective case series of fifty three patients eyes with LIG over a 6 months period from June 2015 to November 2015. All cases of lens induced glaucoma underwent cataract surgery. Data including demographics, clinical presentations, surgical outcome were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Studies 20.0.<br /><br /> The mean age was 61.5 years (Standard deviation 8.9) with predominantly women (30, 56.6%) were affected. Phacomorphic glaucoma (38, 71.7%) was the main cause of lens induced glaucoma, followed by phacolytic glaucoma (15, 28.3%). The main clinical symptoms were reduced vision (100%), eye pain (96.2%) and redness of eyes (62.3%). All patients (100%) presented with visual acuity of &lt;3/60 or worse and intraocular pressure (IOP) more than 40 mm Hg (34, 64.2%). All 53(100%) patients underwent cataract surgery and all of them had tremendously reduced intraocular pressure with a mean 13.9 mmHg and vision had improved from &gt;6/18 as noted in 16(30.2%) cases.<br /><br /> The main clinical presentations of LIG are triad of acute reduced vision, eye pain and redness. The better final BCVA is found when there is an early presentation and less IOP at the time of presentation Public awareness, early detection and early intervention aids in good visual recovery and control of intraocular pressure in LIG.<br /><br />The main clinical presentations of LIG are triad of acute reduced vision, eye pain and redness. The better final BCVA is found when there is an early presentation and less IOP at the time of presentation Public awareness, early detection and early intervention aids in good visual recovery and control of intraocular pressure in LIG.<br /><br /> Keratoconus (KC), is a bilateral, noninflammatory degenerative disease of the cornea which is characterized by progressive corneal ectasia and loss of visual function. The onset of KC is commonly seen at puberty and affects approximately 1 in 2000 in the general population.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile of keratoconus in the tertiary eye centre in Nepal.<br /><br /> It is a retrospective, hospital based, consecutive study from June 2017 to May 2018. A total of 66 patients (114 eyes) were diagnosed cases of Keratoconus presented in Cornea clinic of Tilganga institute of Ophthalmology. Parameters investigated included patients' demography, keratometric readings, visualacuity and manifest refraction. Classification of keratoconus was based on Amslern-Krumeich grading system (modified).<br /><br /> The mean age of subjects was 18.73 (range 10-65). Male/female distribution was 48 (72.7%) and 18 (27.3%) respectively. 48 (72.7%) had bilateral keratoconus and 18 (27.3%) were unilateral. Mean Uncorrected viales.<br /><br />Clinical profile of Nepalese keratoconus patients looks similar to that reported earlier worldwide. The condition was found to manifest at a younger age and was more common in males.<br /><br /> TB has seen resurgence associated with HIV. Tuberculosis can affect any ocular tissue. The association of HIV with TB is supposed to increase the incidence and plethora of ocular manifestations in tuberculosis.<br /><br /> To study the various ocular manifestations seen in tuberculosis patients with associated HIV infection.<br /><br /> This hospital based, cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal and Geta Eye Hospital, Kailali from 2010 to 2015. Diagnosed cases of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV co infection were evaluated for ocular manifestations after excluding other opportunistic infections.<br /><br /> Of 70 cases eligible for the study, extra pulmonary tuberculosis was seen in60% of the cases. 5 patients (7.1 %) had ocular manifestations. CD4 counts were &lt;50/mm3 in 3 cases. Ocular involvement was seen in the form of choroidal granulomas, papillitis, cranial nerve palsy, retinal vasculitis and central serous chorioretinopathy.<br /><br /> This study demonstrated that ocular involvement is a frequent finding in cases with tuberculosis and HIV. Ocular findings are more common in cases with lesser CD4 counts. As ocular tuberculosis can be visually devastating, we recommend regular ocular evaluation of all patients with HIV and systemic tuberculosis.<br /><br />This study demonstrated that ocular involvement is a frequent finding in cases with tuberculosis and HIV. Ocular findings are more common in cases with lesser CD4 counts. As ocular tuberculosis can be visually devastating, we recommend regular ocular evaluation of all patients with HIV and systemic tuberculosis.<br /><br /> To evaluate the etiology and clinical presentation of cases with optic disc edema presenting to a tertiary eye center of Nepal.<br /><br /> The etiology of optic disc edema ranges from relatively benign to potentially sight and life threatening conditions. Till date very few studies have been done on disc edema in Nepal.<br /><br /> The authors conducted a prospective, descriptive study at B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS), Nepal. link2 All cases with disc edema presenting to the out patient department (OPD) from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015 were included in the study.<br /><br /> Total 112 patients were included in the study, out of which diagnosis could be established in 99. The mean age of the patients was 32.54 ± 13.97 years with the majority being female. The most common cause of disc edema was idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (37.5%,). Majority of the patients complained of isolated diminution of vision (38.4%). Among the eyes affected, 78.3% had best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 6/6-6/18, 36.6% had color vision defect and 31.4% had reduced contrast sensitivity. The most common visual field defect was isolated enlarged blind spot (39.7 %).<br /><br /> IIH followed by optic neuritis (ON) are the most common causes of disc edema. Conditions with disc edema mainly affect the age group 21-40 years with females affected 2.5 times more than males. Visual acuity, color vision and contrast sensitivity are deranged in majority of cases of ON and normal in majority of cases of IIH.<br /><br />IIH followed by optic neuritis (ON) are the most common causes of disc edema. Conditions with disc edema mainly affect the age group 21-40 years with females affected 2.5 times more than males. Visual acuity, color vision and contrast sensitivity are deranged in majority of cases of ON and normal in majority of cases of IIH.BRAFV600E confers poor prognosis and is associated with a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC). Little is known, however, about the genetic events driving the initiation and progression of BRAFV600E mutant CRCs. Recent genetic analyses of CRCs indicate that BRAFV600E often coexists with alterations in the WNT- and p53 pathways, but their cooperation remains ill-defined. Therefore, we systematically compared small and large intestinal organoids from mice harboring conditional BraffloxV600E, Trp53LSL-R172H, and/or Apcflox/flox alleles. Using these isogenic models, we observe tissue-specific differences toward sudden BRAFV600E expression, which can be attributed to different ERK-pathway ground states in small and large intestinal crypts. BRAFV600E alone causes transient proliferation and suppresses epithelial organization, followed by organoid disintegration. Moreover, BRAFV600E induces a fetal-like dedifferentiation transcriptional program in colonic organoids, which resembles human BRAFV600E-driven CRC. Co-expression of p53R172H delays organoid disintegration, confers anchorage-independent growth, and induces invasive properties. Interestingly, p53R172H cooperates with BRAFV600E to modulate the abundance of transcripts linked to carcinogenesis, in particular within colonic organoids. Remarkably, WNT-pathway activation by Apc deletion fully protects organoids against BRAFV600E-induced disintegration and confers growth/niche factor independence. Still, Apc-deficient BRAFV600E-mutant organoids remain sensitive toward the MEK inhibitor trametinib, albeit p53R172H confers partial resistance against this clinically relevant compound. In summary, our systematic comparison of the response of small and large intestinal organoids to oncogenic alterations suggests colonic organoids to be better suited to model the human situation. In addition, our work on BRAF-, p53-, and WNT-pathway mutations provides new insights into their cooperation and for the design of targeted therapies.Mutations in the SNX14 gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 20 (SCAR20) in both humans and dogs. link3 Studies implicating the phenotypic consequences of SNX14 mutations to be consequences of subcellular disruption to autophagy and lipid metabolism have been limited to in vitro investigation of patient-derived dermal fibroblasts, laboratory engineered cell lines and developmental analysis of zebrafish morphants. SNX14 homologues Snz (Drosophila) and Mdm1 (yeast) have also been conducted, demonstrated an important biochemical role during lipid biogenesis. In this study we report the effect of loss of SNX14 in mice, which resulted in embryonic lethality around mid-gestation due to placental pathology that involves severe disruption to syncytiotrophoblast cell differentiation. In contrast to other vertebrates, zebrafish carrying a homozygous, maternal zygotic snx14 genetic loss-of-function mutation were both viable and anatomically normal. Whilst no obvious behavioural effects were observed, elevated levels of neutral lipids and phospholipids resemble previously reported effects on lipid homeostasis in other species.