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diseases is still high. An approach that includes the cooperation and coordination of all stakeholders of the Italian National Health System is required to further reduce this burden.Evidence shows that polyphenols can attenuate postprandial blood glucose responses to meals containing digestible carbohydrate. Polyphenol-rich plant extracts are emerging as potential ingredients in functional foods and/or beverages despite limited understanding of their physiological effects. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms of polyphenol-rich fruit extracts on inhibition of digestive enzymes. However, the evidence available has yet to be critically evaluated systematically. This report reviews the in vitro literature to quantify the effect of fruit polyphenol extracts on the activities of digestive carbohydrases. A systematic literature search was conducted using six science databases. Included studies, totaling 34 in number, were in vitro digestion models which quantified gut digestive enzyme(s) activity on starch digestion in the presence of fruit polyphenol extracts. Most studies assessed the effects of fruit extracts on either α-amylase (n = 30) or α-glucosidase (n = 30) activity. Studies were consistent overall in showing stronger inhibition of α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase by proanthocyanidin- and/or ellagitannin-rich fruit extracts. Recommendations are proposed for future reporting of this type of research to enable meaningful synthesis of the literature as a whole. Such knowledge could allow effective choices to be made for development of novel functional foods and beverages.<br /><br /> To describe Ex-Press P50 failures due to an internal blockage.<br /><br /> A retrospective series of 248 eyes of 219 patients with Ex-Press P50 surgery was conducted. Of these cases, 18 (7.2%) required surgical revision due to filtration failure with no visible blockages in the gonioscopy and no filtering bleb in the slit lamp examination. In all of these cases, we found fibrosis on the edges of the scleral flap. After dissecting the scleral flap, filtration through the implant was restored spontaneously in 10 (4.0%) cases. In two cases fibrous tissue was observed on the tip of the implant and was necessary to remove it. In 6 (2.4%) cases, there was no filtration despite no visible obstruction and attempts to restore the flow were unsuccessful, requiring extraction of the implant and reconverting to trabeculectomy. Two of the removed devices were sanded until the lumen was visible to ascertain the nature of the obstruction.<br /><br /> In our series, the most common cause of failure was episcleral fibrosis. In 2.4% of the cases, the blockage was intraluminal and aqueous flow could not be restored.<br /><br /> In the Ex-Press P50 implant an internal blockage, that is not visible through the proximal or distal orifices, may be the cause of failure. Unblocking by surgical maneuvers is not feasible due to the intraluminal design. These cases can be solved by extraction of the implant and conversion to trabeculectomy.<br /><br />In the Ex-Press P50 implant an internal blockage, that is not visible through the proximal or distal orifices, may be the cause of failure. Unblocking by surgical maneuvers is not feasible due to the intraluminal design. These cases can be solved by extraction of the implant and conversion to trabeculectomy.Invertase inhibitors classified as cell wall/apoplastic and vacuolar belonging to the pectin methylesterase family, play a major role in cold-induced sweetening (CIS) process of potato tubers. The CIS process is controlled at the post-translational level via an interaction between invertase (cell wall/apoplastic and vacuolar) by their compartment-specific inhibitors (cell wall/apoplastic and vacuolar). Invertase inhibitors have been cloned, sequenced and functionally characterized from potato cultivars differing in their CIS ability. The secondary structure of the invertase inhibitors consisted of seven alpha-helices and four conserved cysteine residues. The well-conserved three amino acids i.e. Pro-Lys-Phe are known to interact with invertase. Location of the genes encoding cell wall/apoplastic and vacuolar invertase inhibitors on potato chromosome number twelve in a tandem orientation without any intervening genes suggest their divergence into the cell wall and vacuole forms following the event of gene duplial reference to key findings in potato.<br /><br /> Tissues in the eye are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to light exposure. While vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been noted as a vital antioxidant in the vitreous humor, its physiological concentration (1-2mM) has been shown to be toxic to retinal and lens epithelial cells in <br /><br /> cell culture. We have explored adding vitamin C to hydrogel vitreous substitutes as a potential therapeutic to prevent oxidative damage to intraocular tissues after vitrectomy. However, vitamin C degrades rapidly even when loaded at high concentrations, limiting its long-term effectiveness. Glutathione, another antioxidant found abundantly in the lens at concentrations of 2-10mM, was proposed to be used in conjunction with vitamin C.<br /><br /> Cell viability and reactive oxygen species activity of human retinal and lens epithelial cells treated with various combinations of vitamin C, glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and a hydrogel vitreous substitute were determined using CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay and dichlhione might be an effective addition to vitamin C in intraocular implants, including potential vitreous substitutes, and warrants additional studies on the effectiveness of the vitamin C - glutathione combination in preventing oxidative stress post-vitrectomy.Modern food processing environment provides an ideal condition for biofilms formation by foodborne and spoilage microorganisms on different food contact surfaces. It is widely acknowledged that biofilm has become a serious problem in the food industry, as the biofilm growth mode induces microbial resistance to chemical disinfection. The persistence of biofilms after cleaning and disinfection procedures may result in foodborne illness and food spoilage, emphasizing the importance of preventing biofilms in food production facilities. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/myci361.html click here] The use of conventional disinfection technologies alone may not help to achieve the goal of producing safe food products with high quality. Hurdle technology provides a great option for the effective control of biofilms formed on food contact surfaces. Thus, a better understanding of biofilm behavior in response to different disinfectants, as well as seeking potential hurdle technologies to control biofilms are essential. In this review, we discuss the factors that influence the efficiency of disinfectants, and elaborate possible mechanisms which are behind the apparent high antimicrobial resistance of biofilms, and as well as mechanisms which are involved in effective hurdle technologies to control biofilms.