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Mercury (Hg), a global contaminant, is emitted mainly in its elemental form Hg0 to the atmosphere where it is oxidized to reactive HgII compounds, which efficiently deposit to surface ecosystems. Therefore, the chemical cycling between the elemental and oxidized Hg forms in the atmosphere determines the scale and geographical pattern of global Hg deposition. Recent advances in the photochemistry of gas-phase oxidized HgI and HgII species postulate their photodissociation back to Hg0 as a crucial step in the atmospheric Hg redox cycle. However, the significance of these photodissociation mechanisms on atmospheric Hg chemistry, lifetime, and surface deposition remains uncertain. Here we implement a comprehensive and quantitative mechanism of the photochemical and thermal atmospheric reactions between Hg0, HgI, and HgII species in a global model and evaluate the results against atmospheric Hg observations. We find that the photochemistry of HgI and HgII leads to insufficient Hg oxidation globally. The combined efficient photoreduction of HgI and HgII to Hg0 competes with thermal oxidation of Hg0, resulting in a large model overestimation of 99% of measured Hg0 and underestimation of 51% of oxidized Hg and ∼66% of HgII wet deposition. This in turn leads to a significant increase in the calculated global atmospheric Hg lifetime of 20 mo, which is unrealistically longer than the 3-6-mo range based on observed atmospheric Hg variability. These results show that the HgI and HgII photoreduction processes largely offset the efficiency of bromine-initiated Hg0 oxidation and reveal missing Hg oxidation processes in the troposphere.Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of β cells, so cure of firmly established T1D requires both reversal of autoimmunity and restoration of β cells. It is known that β cell regeneration in nonautoimmune diabetic mice can come from differentiation of progenitors and/or transdifferentiation of α cells. However, the source of β cell regeneration in autoimmune nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice remains unclear. Here, we show that, after reversal of autoimmunity by induction of haploidentical mixed chimerism, administration of gastrin plus epidermal growth factor augments β cell regeneration and normalizes blood glucose in the firmly established diabetic NOD mice. Using transgenic NOD mice with inducible lineage-tracing markers for insulin-producing β cells, Sox9+ ductal progenitors, Nestin+ mesenchymal stem cells, and glucagon-producing α cells, we have found that both reactivation of dysfunctional low-level insulin expression (insulinlo) β cells and neogenesis contribute to the regeneration, with the latter predominantly coming from transdifferentiation of α cells. These results indicate that, after reversal of autoimmunity, reactivation of β cells and transdifferentiation of α cells can provide sufficient new functional β cells to reach euglycemia in firmly established T1D.For a myriad of different reasons most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have failed to reach clinical application. Different AMPs have different shortcomings including but not limited to toxicity issues, potency, limited spectrum of activity, or reduced activity in situ. We synthesized several cationic peptide mimics, main-chain cationic polyimidazoliums (PIMs), and discovered that, although select PIMs show little acute mammalian cell toxicity, they are potent broad-spectrum antibiotics with activity against even pan-antibiotic-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and mycobacteria. [https://www.selleckchem.com/HDAC.html HDAC phosphorylation] We selected PIM1, a particularly potent PIM, for mechanistic studies. Our experiments indicate PIM1 binds bacterial cell membranes by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, enters cells, and ultimately kills bacteria. Unlike cationic AMPs, such as colistin (CST), PIM1 does not permeabilize cell membranes. We show that a membrane electric potential is required for PIM1 activity. In laboratory evolution experiments with the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus we obtained PIM1-resistant isolates most of which had menaquinone mutations, and we found that a site-directed menaquinone mutation also conferred PIM1 resistance. In similar experiments with the gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PIM1-resistant mutants did not emerge. Although PIM1 was efficacious as a topical agent, intraperitoneal administration of PIM1 in mice showed some toxicity. We synthesized a PIM1 derivative, PIM1D, which is less hydrophobic than PIM1. PIM1D did not show evidence of toxicity but retained antibacterial activity and showed efficacy in murine sepsis infections. Our evidence indicates the PIMs have potential as candidates for development of new drugs for treatment of pan-resistant bacterial infections.Metamaterials assemble multiple subwavelength elements to create structures with extraordinary physical properties (1-4). Optical metamaterials are rare in nature and no natural acoustic metamaterials are known. Here, we reveal that the intricate scale layer on moth wings forms a metamaterial ultrasound absorber (peak absorption = 72% of sound intensity at 78 kHz) that is 111 times thinner than the longest absorbed wavelength. Individual scales act as resonant (5) unit cells that are linked via a shared wing membrane to form this metamaterial, and collectively they generate hard-to-attain broadband deep-subwavelength absorption. Their collective absorption exceeds the sum of their individual contributions. This sound absorber provides moth wings with acoustic camouflage (6) against echolocating bats. It combines broadband absorption of all frequencies used by bats with light and ultrathin structures that meet aerodynamic constraints on wing weight and thickness. The morphological implementation seen in this evolved acoustic metamaterial reveals enticing ways to design high-performance noise mitigation devices.While debates have raged over the relationship between trance and rock art, unambiguous evidence of the consumption of hallucinogens has not been reported from any rock art site in the world. A painting possibly representing the flowers of Datura on the ceiling of a Californian rock art site called Pinwheel Cave was discovered alongside fibrous quids in the same ceiling. Even though Native Californians are historically documented to have used Datura to enter trance states, little evidence exists to associate it with rock art. A multianalytical approach to the rock art, the quids, and the archaeological context of this site was undertaken. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results found hallucinogenic alkaloids scopolamine and atropine in the quids, while scanning electron microscope analysis confirms most to be Datura wrightii Three-dimensional (3D) analyses of the quids indicate the quids were likely masticated and thus consumed in the cave under the paintings. Archaeological evidence and chronological dating shows the site was well utilized as a temporary residence for a range of activities from Late Prehistory through Colonial Periods.