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xposures to environmental air pollution, intelligent use of these data will aid targeting public health messages and plan healthcare demand.Methionine is a unique sulfur-containing amino acid, which plays an important role in biological protein synthesis and various cellular processes. Here, we characterized the biological functions of AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata Morphological analysis showed that the mutants lacking AaMetB, AaMetC, or AaMetX resulted in less aerial hypha and fewer conidia in artificial media. Pathogenicity analysis showed that AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX are required for full virulence. The defects in vegetative growth, conidiation and virulence of ΔMetB, ΔMetC, and ΔMetX can be restored by exogenous methionine and homocysteine, indicating that AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX are required for methionine biosynthesis. However, exogenous cysteine only restored the growth and virulence defects of ΔMetR but not ΔMetB/C/X, suggesting that AaMetR is essential for cysteine biosynthesis. Oxidant sensitivity assay showed that only ΔMetR is sensitive to H2O2 and many ROS-generating compounds, inism of METR involved in this process is still unclear. In the present study, we generated AaMetB, AaMetC and AaMetX deletion mutants and compared these mutants with AaMetR disrupted mutants. Interestingly, we found that AaMetB, AaMetC and AaMetX are required for vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in Alternaria alternata, but not for ROS tolerance and cysteine metabolism. Furthermore, we found that METR is involved in the biosynthesis of cysteine, which is an essential substrate for the biosynthesis of methionine and glutathione. This study emphasizes the critical roles of MetR, MetB, MetC, MetX in the regulation of cysteine and methionine metabolism, as well as the cross-link with glutathione-mediated ROS tolerance in phytopathogenic fungi, which provides a foundation for future investigations.Glutaredoxins (Grx) are redoxin family proteins that reduce disulfides and mixed disulfides between glutathione and proteins. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae 3841 contains three genes coding for glutaredoxins RL4289 (grxA) codes for a dithiolic glutaredoxin, RL2615 (grxB) codes for a monothiol glutaredoxin, while RL4261 (grxC) codes for a glutaredoxin-like NrdH protein. We generated mutants interrupted in one, two, or three glutaredoxin genes. These mutants had no obvious differences in growth phenotypes from the wild type RL3841. However, while a mutant of grxC did not affect the antioxidant or symbiotic capacities of R. leguminosarum, grxA-derived or grxB mutants decreased antioxidant and nitrogen fixation capacities. Furthermore, grxA mutants were severely impaired in rhizosphere colonization, and formed smaller nodules with defects of bacteroid differentiation, whereas nodules induced by grxB mutants contained abnormally thick cortices and prematurely senescent bacteroids. The grx triple mutant had the-S cluster biogenesis, and GrxC may participate in symbiosis by an unknown mechanism. [https://www.selleckchem.com/pharmacological_epigenetics.html selleck kinase inhibitor] Proteome analysis provides clues to explain the differences between the grx triple mutant and wild-type nodules.IMPORTANCE SECTION Research into identification of biomarkers for gut health and ways to modulate the microbiota composition and activity to improve health, has put Akkermansia muciniphila in the spotlight. As a mucin degrader, A. muciniphila colonizes the interesting but not-fully described host-glycan degradation niche., . Plenty of research concerning A. muciniphila has been done, but little is known about its behavior in the complex microbial ecosystem in the colon, about the potential role of mucins to influence A. muciniphila behavior and the impact of its probiotic administration on the microbial ecosystem.This study aimed at investigating the impact of A. muciniphila administration on the endogenous community while also taking into account its nutritional specificity. As such, the effect of A.mucinihpila administration was investigated with and without addition of mucin. This allowed us to elucidate the importance of mucin presence to modulate the efficiency of the probiotic supplementation with A. muy was investigated. The effects on the microbial community composition and functionality of A. muciniphila supplementation without mucin were limited, whereas mucin addition successfully induced compositional and metabolic changes in the gut microbiota. Indeed, mucin addition resulted in significantly higher acetate, propionate and butyrate production for all four donors, and the increase of several species, including A. muciniphila, Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster XIVa, and Lachnospiraceae This study revealed that the supplementation of A. muciniphila together with mucin limited the observed prebiotic-like effect of mucin in inducing compositional changes.Epimerization of sugar nucleotides is central to the structural diversification of monosaccharide building blocks for cellular biosynthesis. Epimerase applicability to carbohydrate synthesis can be limited, however, by the high degree of substrate specificity exhibited by most sugar nucleotide epimerases. Here, we discovered a promiscuous type of CDP-tyvelose 2-epimerase (TyvE)-like enzyme that promotes C2-epimerization in all nucleotide (CDP, UDP, GDP, ADP, TDP)-activated forms of d-glucose. This new epimerase, originating from Thermodesulfatator atlanticus, is a functional homodimer that contains one tightly bound NAD+/subunit and shows optimum activity at 70°C and pH 9.5. The enzyme exhibits a kcat with CDP-dglucose of ∼1.0 min-1 (pH 7.5, 60°C). To characterize the epimerase kinetically and probe its substrate specificity, we developed chemo-enzymatic syntheses for CDP-dmannose, CDP-6-deoxy-dglucose, CDP-3-deoxy-dglucose and CDP-6-deoxy-dxylo-hexopyranos-4-ulose. Attempts to obtain CDP-dparatose and CDP-dt for synthesis involved in the reactions catalyzed. Discovery of new epimerases with expanded scope of sugar nucleotide substrates used is important to promote the mechanistic inquiry and can facilitate the development of new enzyme applications. Here, a CDP-tyvelose 2-epimerase-like enzyme from Thermodesulfatator atlanticus is shown to catalyze sugar C2 epimerization in CDP-glucose and other nucleotide-activated forms of dglucose. The reactions are new to nature in the context of enzymatic sugar nucleotide modification. The current study explores the substrate scope of the discovered C2-epimerase and, based on modeling, suggests structure-function relationships that may be important for specificity and catalysis.