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Background Otitis media (OM), a prevalent pediatric infectious disease, is mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a novel antimicrobial strategy, were reported in 2004. We found that NETs formed in the middle ear with acute otitis media (AOM) induced by S.pn. However, the mechanisms of NETs formation are not entirely clear. Methods We stimulated neutrophils isolated from mouse bone marrow with S.pn clinical stain 19F in vitro, and established mouse model of AOM via transbullar injection with S.pn. NETs formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, autophagy activation and bacterial load were analyzed in TLR4-/- and wild-type neutrophils stimulated in vitro with S.pn and in vivo during AOM. Results We found that autophagy and ROS were required for S.pn-induced NETs formation. Moreover, TLR4 partly mediated NETs formation in response to S.pn in vitro and in vivo during AOM. We also showed that attenuated NETs formation in TLR4-/- neutrophils correlated with an impaired ROS production and autophagy activation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, both the in vivo and in vitro-produced NETs were able to engulf and kill S.pn. Conclusions TLR4 regulates ROS and autophagy to control NETs formation against S.pn in the course of AOM. Impact S.pn can induce NETs formation in vitro and in vivo; TLR4 regulates NETs formation by ROS and autophagy; NETs contribute to the clearance of bacteria in acute otitis media.In this study, we firstly found that autophagy and ROS were required for S.pn-induced NETs formation in the model of acute otitis media (AOM). And to some extent, TLR4 mediated NETs formation during AOM.Our research might provide a potential strategy for the treatment of otitis media.Background Infants with advanced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) often need surgical resection of necrotic bowel. We hypothesized that incomplete resection of NEC lesions, signified by the detection of necrotic patches in margins of resected bowel loops, results in inferior clinical outcomes. Methods We reviewed the medical records of infants with surgical NEC in the past 15 years for demographic, clinical, and histopathological data. We also developed statistical models to predict mortality and hospital stay. Results Ninety infants with surgical NEC had a mean (±standard error) gestational age of 27.3 ± 0.4 weeks, birth weight 1008 ± 48 g, NEC onset at 25.2 ± 2.4 days, and resected bowel length of 29.2 ± 3.2 cm. Seventeen (18.9%) infants who had complete resection of the necrosed bowel had fewer (4; 23.5%) deaths and shorter lengths of hospital stay. In contrast, a group of 73 infants with some necrosis within the margins of resected bowel had significantly more (34; 46.6%) deaths and longer hospital stay. Tnged parenteral nutrition or supervised feedings.Objective Adipolin/C1q/TNF-related protein-12 is a family of CTRPs that is highly expressed in adipose tissue and has glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. Various risk factors have been suggested in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as a decrease in anti-inflammatory or an increase in inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation of adipolin with anthropometric, angiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical parameters. Subject and methods A total of 90 patients who were candidates for angiography were included in the study and divided into three groups 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 30 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), and 30 subjects as control group with a history of chest pain but normal angiography. Anthropometric, angiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical parameters were measured in all subjects. Results Serum adipolin levels were significantly decreased in patients with AMI compared with SAP and control groups (P less then 0.001for both). In addition, there was a negative association between serum level of adipolin and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and Gensini score in CAD patients. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that EFT values were independently associated with serum adipolin levels. Conclusion The current study showed an independent association of adipolin with EFT for the first time in AMI patients. Decreased adipolin levels in patients with AMI may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis, which needs further study.In this paper, the hydrothermal method to synthesize and characterize nano-mesoporous carbons and their synthesis mechanism are reported. Using tri-block Pluronic F127 as a structuring agent and chitosan (CS) as a carbon source, the nano-mesoporous carbons were synthesized by a one-step sol polymerization and hydrothermal process, followed by carbonization at high temperature. The pore structure of the carbon materials was characterized by physical adsorption analyzer, and the morphology was characterized by SEM and TEM. Fourier-transform infrared, Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the synthesis mechanism. The results showed that the self-assembly polymerization reaction between CS and F127 in a weakly acidic system was only implemented driven by the hydrogen bond auxiliary electrostatic interactions initiated by protonated amino groups. The nitrogen from amino groups and acetylamino groups, the oxygen in acetylamino groups, hydroxyl groups and the glycosidic bonds of CS, and the oxygen from the hydrophilic segments of F127 were the main active sites. The mesoporous material possesses a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (163 m2/g) and large pore volume (0.462 cm3/g) with pore diameter around 2.1 nm. The nitrogen content was 1.08% and existed in the pore wall as the form of pyridine, pyrrole and quaternary nitrogen.Cosmetic brush-like Co3O4 nanowires grown on carbon cloth were prepared by regulating the addition of trisodium citrate by hydrothermal synthesis. Then a simple liquid-phase ion exchange was reported to improve the electrochemical performance of Co3O4 by surface modification with Ni2+ in this work. After surface modification, at a current density of 4 A g-1, the specific capacity significantly increased from 276.1 C g-1 (720.5 F g-1) to 655.9 C g-1 (1525.4 F g-1). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html JAK inhibitor] Meanwhile, the electrocatalytic oxidation performances of methanol and urea were also improved significantly. The enhanced electrochemical properties were attributed to the modification of the surface of Co3O4 with Ni2+.