Zobrazení zdroje stránky Bocknymann6427

Manganese (Mn) is an important micronutrient for plant growth and development and sustains metabolic roles within different plant cell compartments. The metal is an essential cofactor for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of the photosynthetic machinery, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction in photosystem II (PSII). [https://www.selleckchem.com/ selleck products] Despite the importance of Mn for photosynthesis and other processes, the physiological relevance of Mn uptake and compartmentation in plants has been underrated. The subcellular Mn homeostasis to maintain compartmented Mn-dependent metabolic processes like glycosylation, ROS scavenging, and photosynthesis is mediated by a multitude of transport proteins from diverse gene families. However, Mn homeostasis may be disturbed under suboptimal or excessive Mn availability. Mn deficiency is a serious, widespread plant nutritional disorder in dry, well-aerated and calcareous soils, as well as in soils containing high amounts of organic matter, where bio-availability of Mn can decrease far below the level that is required for normal plant growth. By contrast, Mn toxicity occurs on poorly drained and acidic soils in which high amounts of Mn are rendered available. Consequently, plants have evolved mechanisms to tightly regulate Mn uptake, trafficking, and storage. This review provides a comprehensive overview, with a focus on recent advances, on the multiple functions of transporters involved in Mn homeostasis, as well as their regulatory mechanisms in the plant's response to different conditions of Mn availability. Copyright © 2020 Alejandro, Höller, Meier and Peiter.Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major evolutionary force in plants and has been reported in the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae). Lippia alba, the most studied species, has been documented as a polyploid complex involving at least four ploidal levels. L. alba presents remarkable chemical and genetic variation and represents a model for understanding genome organization. Although the economic and medicinal importance of the species has been widely described, no established polyploid induction protocol has been reported so far. Here, we describe the production of synthetic polyploid plants of L. alba using colchicine. The ploidal levels were estimated by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. In addition, FISH and molecular markers approaches were used to confirm the stability of the synthetic polyploids. link2 The major component of the essential oils was estimated by GCMS to compare with the natural individuals. Tetraploids and triploids were produced providing new opportunities for investigating medicinal, pharmacological, and economic applications as well as addressing intrinsic questions involved in the polyploidization process in tropical plants. Copyright © 2020 Julião, Ribeiro, Lopes, Matos, Reis, Peixoto, Machado, Azevedo, Grazul, Campos and Viccini.The development of an immune response against therapeutic factor VIII is the major complication in hemophilia A patients. Oligomannose carbohydrates at N239 and/or N2118 on factor VIII allow its binding to the macrophage mannose receptor expressed on human dendritic cells, thereby leading to factor VIII endocytosis and presentation to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Here, we investigated whether altering the interaction of factor VIII with mannose-sensitive receptors on antigen-presenting cells may be a strategy to reduce factor VIII immunogenicity. Gene transfer experiments in factor VIII-deficient mice indicated that N239Q and/or N2118Q factor VIII mutants have similar specific activities as compared to non-mutated factor VIII; N239Q/N2118Q mutant corrected blood loss upon tail clip. Production of the corresponding recombinant FVIII mutants or light chains indicated that removal of the N-linked glycosylation site at N2118 is sufficient to abrogate in vitro the activation of FVIII-specific CD4+ T cells by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. However, removal of mannose-ending glycans at N2118 did not alter factor VIII endocytosis and presentation to CD4+ T cells by mouse antigen-presenting cells. In agreement with this, the N2118Q mutation did not reduce factor VIII immunogenicity in factor VIII-deficient mice. Our results highlight differences in the endocytic pathways between human and mouse dendritic cell subsets, and dissimilarities in tissue distribution and function of endocytic receptors such as CD206 in both species. Further investigations in preclinical models of hemophilia A closer to humans are needed to decipher the exact role of mannose-ending glycans in factor VIII immunogenicity. Copyright © 2020 Delignat, Rayes, Dasgupta, Gangadharan, Denis, Christophe, Bayry, Kaveri and Lacroix-Desmazes.The global prevalence of obesity is rising year by year, which has become a public health problem worldwide. In recent years, animal studies and clinical studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria possess an anti-obesity effect. In our previous study, mixed lactobacilli (Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0344 and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0386) exhibited anti-obesity effects in vivo by significantly reducing body weight gain, Lee's index and body fat rate; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the possible mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of mixed lactobacilli on obesity. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups including control group (Control), high fat diet group (HFD) and mixed lactobacilli group (MX), and fed daily for eight consecutive weeks. The results showed that mixed lactobacilli supplementation significantly improved blood lipid levels and liver function, and alleviated liver oxidative stress. Moreover, the mixed lactobacilli supplementation significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in the liver and regulated lipid metabolism in epididymal fat pads. Notably, the mixed lactobacilli treatment modulated the gut microbiota, resulting in a significant increase in acetic acid and butyric acid. Additionally, Spearman's correlation analysis found that several specific genera were significantly correlated with obesity-related indicators. These results indicated that the mixed lactobacilli supplementation could manipulate the gut microbiota and its metabolites (acetic acid and butyric acid), resulting in reduced liver lipid accumulation and improved lipid metabolism of adipose tissue, which inhibited obesity. Copyright © 2020 Li, Liu, Lu, Shi, Guan, Yan, Li and Huo.Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are two closely related phyla and fungi in two phyla share some common morphological developmental process during fruiting body formation. In Neurospora crassa, the Gβ-like protein CPC-2 with a seven-WD40 repeat domain was previously reported. By transforming CPC-2 ortholog encoding genes, from 7 different fungal species across Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, into the cpc-2 deletion mutant of N. crassa, we demonstrate that all tested CPC-2 ortholog genes were able to complement the defects of the cpc-2 deletion mutant in sexual development, indicating that CPC-2 proteins from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have the similar cellular function. Using Flammulina velutipes as a model system for mushroom species, the CPC-2 ortholog FvCPC2 was characterized. Fvcpc2 increased transcription during fruiting body development. Knockdown of Fvcpc2 by RNAi completely impaired fruiting body formation. In three Fvcpc2 knockdown mutants, transcriptional levels of genes encoding adenylate cyclase and p fruiting body development in different edible mushrooms, genes encoding FvCPC2 orthologs in other mushroom species also have potential application in breeding. Copyright © 2020 Wu, Zhang, Hu, Zhang, Wei and Li.Bottromycin is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) produced by several streptomycetes, including the plant pathogen Streptomyces scabies. There is significant interest in this molecule as it possesses strong antibacterial activity against clinically relevant multidrug resistant pathogens and is structurally distinct from all other antibiotics. link3 However, studies into its efficacy are hampered by poor yields. An understanding of how bottromycin biosynthesis is regulated could aid the development of strategies to increase titres. Here, we use 5'-tag-RNA-seq to identify the transcriptional organization of the gene cluster, which includes an internal transcriptional start site that precedes btmD, the gene that encodes the bottromycin precursor peptide. We show that the gene cluster does not encode a master regulator that controls pathway expression and instead encodes a regulatory gene, btmL, which functions as a modulator that specifically affects the expression of btmD but not genes up- or downstream of btmD. In order to identify non-cluster associated proteins involved in regulation, proteins were identified that bind to the main promoter of the pathway, which precedes btmC. This study provides insights into how this deceptively complex pathway is regulated in the absence of a pathway specific master regulator, and how it might coordinate with the central metabolism of the cell. Copyright © 2020 Vior, Cea-Torrescassana, Eyles, Chandra and Truman.Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a serious problem of grapevines worldwide. The microbiota of the grapevine endosphere comprises prokaryotic and eukaryotic endophytes, which may form varied relationships with the host plant from symbiotic to pathogenic. To explore the interaction between grapevine endophytic bacteria and GTDs, the endomicrobiome associated with grapevine wood was characterized using next-generation Illumina sequencing. Wood samples were collected from grapevine trunks with and without external symptoms of GTD (cankers) from two vineyards in the Hunter Valley and Hilltops, NSW, Australia and metagenomic characterization of the endophytic community was conducted using the 16S rRNA gene (341F/806R) and ITS (1F/2R) sequences. Among the important GTD pathogens, Phaeomoniella, Phaeoacremonium, Diplodia and Cryptovalsa species were found to be abundant in both symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines from both vineyards. Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum, two important GTD pathogens, were detecht © 2020 Niem, Billones-Baaijens, Stodart and Savocchia.The rumen contains a multi-kingdom, commensal microbiome, including protozoa, bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, which enables ruminant herbivores to ferment and utilize plant feedstuffs that would be otherwise indigestible. Within the rumen, virus populations are diverse and highly abundant, often out-numbering the microbial populations that they both predate on and co-exist with. To date the research effort devoted to understanding rumen-associated viral populations has been considerably less than that given to the other microbial populations, yet their contribution to maintaining microbial population balance, intra-ruminal microbial lysis, fiber breakdown, nutrient cycling and genetic transfer may be highly significant. This review follows the technological advances which have contributed to our current understanding of rumen viruses and drawing on knowledge from other environmental and animal-associated microbiomes, describes the known and potential roles and impacts viruses have on rumen function and speculates on the future directions of rumen viral research.