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9%, 90.0%, 93.5%, 91.8%, 99.6% and 95.5%, respectively. Additionally, the solidification efficiency of PCDD/Fs was 56.5%. The heavy metals and PCDD/Fs in MSWI FA solidified by physical adsorption, wrapping and chemical precipitation. The continuous calcium carbonate structure adsorbed and encased the MSWI FA, and the heavy metals in the MSWI FA were converted from a free state to carbonate precipitates through carbonation, and the carbonate precipitate was more likely to be physical solidification by calcium carbonate.Over the past three decades, groundwater remediation using permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) has proven to be effective. The majority of installed PRBs uses metallic iron (Fe(0)) as a reactive material. However, the success of implemented Fe(0) PRBs is yet to be rationalized as Fe(0) is a generator of iron oxides (contaminant scavengers) and secondary reducing agents (e.g. Fe(II), Fe3O4, H2, green rust), This communication demonstrates that Fe(0) is not an environmental reducing agent. Therefore, more science-based investigations are needed to optimize the operation of Fe(0) PRBs. In particular, Fe(0) PRBs and Fe(0)-based water filters should be regarded as particular cases of "metal corrosion in porous media". A key feature of such systems is that the extent of Fe0 corrosion temporally depends on the residual porosity (capillarity). Thus, the functionality of any Fe0 PRB should be monitored in a way that the time-dependent variation of the kinetic of iron corrosion is discussed.The iron (Fe) cycle in the rice-soil system affects arsenic (As) uptake by rice. The effect of Fe on As uptake can be influenced by the addition of biochar, but has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the effects of maize straw-derived biochar (MB) on Fe and As translocation were determined by analysing the Fe and As concentrations in pore water, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extracts, and rice plants. As-contaminated soils were supplemented with 0 or 1% biochar and 0 or 90 mg kg-1 P, and rice plants were grown for 70 d. Results indicated that biochar addition increased the concentrations of Fe and As in pore water, while P did not affect them. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html Vorinostat cell line] Additionally, biochar promoted the accumulation of Fe and As in roots. However, the rice biomass increased by 28% upon biochar addition, indicating that the rice plants became more tolerant to As toxicity with biochar. Specifically, biochar increased the root triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reductive intensity, reduced the root H2O2 concentration, and promoted iron plaque (IP) formation. Moreover, the positive correlation between IP/DCB-extractable As and crystalline Fe on the rice root surface indicated that crystalline Fe appeared to be the determinant species of IP and played a central role in As segregation. In addition, biochar increased both crystalline Fe formation on the root surface and the Fe content in the cell wall, which enhanced As sequestration. Overall, rice could effectively tolerate As stress under biochar treatment since As could be retained on the root surface and root cell wall with MB.As UV-light stabilizers, Bis(4-hydroxy)benzophenone (BBP), are extensively consumed to quench radicals from photooxidation, continuous release of BPs into the environment poses serious threats to the ecology in view of their xenohormone toxicities, and BBP shall be eliminated from water to avoid its adverse effect. Since sulfate radical (SR)-based chemical oxidation techniques have been proven as effective procedures for eliminating organic emerging contaminants, this study aims to develop useful SR-based procedures through activating Oxone for degrading BBP in water. In contrast to the conventional Co3O4, cobalt sulfide (CoS) is particularly proposed as an alternative heterogeneous catalyst for activating Oxone to degrade BBP because CoS exhibits more reactive redox characteristics. As structures of catalysts predominantly control their catalytic activities, in this study, a unique nanoplate-assembled CoS (NPCS) 3D cluster is fabricated via a convenient one-step process to serve as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for activating Oxone to degrade BBP. With NPCS = 100 mg/L and Oxone = 200 mg/L, 5 mg/L of BBP can be completely eliminated in 60 min. The catalytic activity of NPCS towards Oxone activation also significantly surpasses the reference material, Co3O4, to enhance degradation of BBP. Ea of BBP degradation by NPCS-activated Oxone is also determined as a relatively low value of 42.7 kJ/mol. The activation mechanism as well as degradation pathway of BBP degradation by NPCS-activated Oxone was investigated and validated through experimental evidences and density functional theory (DFT) calculation to offer valuable insights into degradation behaviors for developing SR-based processes of BBP degradation using CoS catalysts.Eating palatable foods reduces behavioral and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses to stress - an idea referred to by the colloquial term "comfort" food. To study the underlying stress-relieving mechanisms of palatable foods, we previously developed a paradigm of limited sucrose feeding in which male rats are given twice-daily access to a small amount of sucrose drink and subsequently have reduced stress responses. Prior research in humans and rodents implicates high dietary sugars/carbohydrates with reduced stress responsivity. However, it is not clear whether the stress-relieving effects of the limited sucrose paradigm depend upon its macronutrient content. To test this idea, the current work measures stress responses in male rats following the limited intermittent intake of cheese - a highly palatable food that is low in sugar and other carbohydrates. The data show that a history of limited cheese intake (LCI) reduced HPA axis responses to acute psychological (restraint) and physiological (hypoxia) stressors. LCI also reduced behavioral struggling during restraint, increased sociability during a social interaction test, and increased open arm activity in the elevated plus-maze test. Z-score analyses evaluated the extent to which these behavioral effects extended within and across assays, and indicated that there was an overall reduction in stress-related behaviors following LCI. Finally, LCI increased immunolabeling for FosB/deltaFosB (a protein associated with repeated or chronic neuronal activation) in the nucleus accumbens. These results indicate that palatable foods can provide stress blunting regardless of their sugar/carbohydrate composition, and support the idea that food reward per se contributes to stress relief.COVID-19 reached pandemic level in March 2020 and the number of confirmed cases continued to increase worldwide. The clinical course of the disease has not yet been fully characterized, and some specific symptoms related to smell, taste, and feeding behavior require further examination. The present study aimed to assess the presence of symptoms related to the feeding behavior occurred during and/or after COVID-19 in adults residing in Portugal and to link them to disease severity using a multivariate approach. Data were collected from May to September 2020, through a questionnaire answered online containing questions about general and specific symptoms before, during and after COVID-19. 362 participants were included 201 were symptomatic, being 15 hospitalized and 186 non-hospitalized. Cluster analysis grouped the symptomatic non-hospitalized participants as mild and severe cases. For these patients, the most frequent symptoms related to the feeding process were smell disorders in 40% and 62%, taste disorders frequent symptom and as a predictive of the presence of eating and swallowing disorders in COVID-19 cases.Fibroblasts have emerged as a dominant component of the tumour microenvironment, but despite the surging interest in the activation of fibroblasts and their role in cancer, they remain an elusive and complex cell-type. In this perspective, we discuss the phenotypic plasticity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer identified by genome-wide transcriptomic studies and focus on the molecular pathways underlying their activation. These studies reveal distinct fibroblast activation profiles depending on tumour type and stage. A better understanding of skin CAF heterogeneity in origin and function will guide novel therapeutic approaches targetting this cell-type in clinical cancer care.Fragment size distribution, the important biological properties of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), provides useful information required for diagnostic assay development. However, besides methodological discrepancies, it varies due to the complicated origins and occurrences of in vivo cfDNA. In addition, limited data are available concerning the cfDNA associated with autophagy and distributional difference between cf-mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) and cf-nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) fragments. Here we developed an in vitro model of mouse microglial cell (BV-2) with starvation-induced autophagy, in which cfDNA was isolated from the cell supernatant by ultrafiltration (UF) and column-based commercial kit (CC), respectively. Using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, a DNA ladder pattern as the presence of peaks corresponding to mono-, di- and tri-nucleosomes was clearly visualized both in isolation products of UF and CC. However, we also detected shorter fragments than mono-nucleosome by UF. In comparing the UF and CC, we found that the former produced the higher recovery efficiency for spiked-in DNA of shorter fragments than mono-nucleosome in both water and medium, but the latter was superior for spiked-in DNA fragments which were longer than or equal to mono-nucleosome in medium. Combined with these two isolation methods, we have observed that autophagy-associated cf-mtDNA and cf-nDNA were both highly enriched in less then mono-nucleosomes fragments more than 71%, and showed no significant differences in the relative percentages for these four fragment sizes. These results have improved our understanding of the fragment size distribution of autophagy-derived cf-mtDNA and cf-nDNA in vitro, and might further develop application of cfDNA as a diagnostic tool.<br /><br /> In the Gaussian graphical model framework, precision matrices reveal conditional dependence structure among random variables. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, estimating such precision matrices of multi-subjects and aggregating them to a group-level is an essential step for constructing a group brain network.<br /><br /> In this article, we considered joint estimation of multiple precision matrices with regularized aggregation. Also, in the construction of a group precision matrix, we integrated robust aggregation to the estimation. In the estimation of individual precision matrices, we took a regularization approach to induce sparsity, which made brain network estimation more realistic.<br /><br /> We demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulated examples, and analyses on real fMRI data acquired during eye movement tasks assessing cognitive control. For the fMRI data, the joint estimation of multiple precision matrices (JEMP) with regularized aggregation (RA) captured more robust associations between task-relevant neural regions of interest (ROIs), compared to the analyses using JEMP alone.