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The pandemic state caused by SARS CoV-2 came to overburden all levels of healthcare, including Primary Care. In Portugal, most patients were followed in ambulatory, monitored by phone calls or face-to-face visits by their General Practitioner.<br /><br /> The aim was to characterize the pathway of COVID-19 outpatients in Primary Care and establish the risk factors that mostly influences the need for hospitalization or death during the follow-up.<br /><br /> A retrospective cohort study was established, based on the official Portuguese dataset of the first wave between March 2nd and June 30th 2020. The predictive effects of variables, including age, gender, residency and clinical features, were analysed using Cox regression analysis.<br /><br /> A total of 38,545 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 was included for analysis (56.3% female), with a median age of 47 years old. There were 4,327 hospitalized patients, 253 in intensive care units and 1,153 deaths. Females present lower risk of hospitalization (HR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.73-0.82; P &lt; 0.001) and age is associated with higher risk (HR = 7.08; 95% CI 6.68-7.50; P &lt; 0.001), as well as the presence of at least one comorbidity (HR = 7.03; 95% CI 6.43-7.69; P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that cardiovascular disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV and other immunodeficiencies, transplant or immunosuppression, haematological disorders, neurological disorders and liver disease increased the risk of hospitalization.<br /><br /> Male gender, age and the presence of comorbidities are the main determinants for hospitalization and death. These COVID-19 patients should receive a higher attention when they come to primary care for assistance.<br /><br />Male gender, age and the presence of comorbidities are the main determinants for hospitalization and death. These COVID-19 patients should receive a higher attention when they come to primary care for assistance.The human body harbors a diverse microbiome that regulates host physiology and disease development. Several studies have also been reported where the human microbiome interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. Reports have also suggested the use of microbes in specific targeting and drug delivery. This review mainly focuses on the alteration in the efficacy of the drug by human microbiota. We have also discussed how the diversity in microbes can determine the therapeutic outcomes of a particular drug. The pathways involved in the alteration are also focused, with some highlights on microbes being used in cancer therapy.<br /><br /> Primary health care providers (PHCPs) are assumed to be at high risk of a COVID-19 infection, as they are exposed to patients with usually less personal protective equipment (PPE) than other frontline health care workers (HCWs). Nevertheless, current research efforts focussed on the assessment of COVID-19 seroprevalence rates in the general population or hospital HCWs.<br /><br /> We aimed to determine the seroprevalence in PHCPs during the second SARS-CoV-2 wave in Flanders (Belgium) and compared it to the seroprevalence in the general population. We also assessed risk factors, availability of PPE and attitudes towards the government guidelines over time.<br /><br /> A prospective cohort of PHCPs (n = 698), mainly general practitioners, was asked to complete a questionnaire and self-sample capillary blood by finger-pricking at five distinct points in time (June-December 2020). We analysed the dried blood spots for IgG antibodies using a Luminex multiplex immunoassay.<br /><br /> The seroprevalence of PHCPs remained stable between June atients.<br /><br /> Convalescent plasma has been used to treat many viral diseases including Ebola. The manufacture of a purified anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma is described in this paper.<br /><br /> An ELISA targeting an EBOV surface glycoprotein antigen was used to determine the immunoglobulin titer of pooled plasma and purified anti-EBOV IVIG. Anti-EBOV IVIG was also tested in neutralization assays using a vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirion expressing EBOV glycoprotein on its surface and with live EBOV. Finally, the efficacy of the anti-EBOV IVIG was assessed in a mouse model of EBOV infection.<br /><br /> In the ELISA, the anti-EBOV IVIG was shown to have a seven-fold increase in IgG titer over pooled convalescent plasma. In both the pseudovirion and live virus assays, the anti-EBOV IVIG showed approximately five- to six-fold increased potency over pooled plasma. Anti-EBOV IVIG also significantly improved survivability in mice infected with the virus when administered concurrently or two days after infection.<br /><br /> These data support this purified anti-EBOV IVIG merits additional investigation and clinical trials for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus disease. The experience gained can be applied to manufacture hyperimmune globulins against other emerging viruses.<br /><br />These data support this purified anti-EBOV IVIG merits additional investigation and clinical trials for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus disease. The experience gained can be applied to manufacture hyperimmune globulins against other emerging viruses.Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/l-nmma-acetate.html see more] In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors, and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (sEVs or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (mEVs or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (lEVs or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impact cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.<br /><br /> The Finnish Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability is a randomized controlled trial that has tested the efficacy of a multidomain intervention targeting modifiable risk factors to prevent cognitive impairment/dementia. A combination of healthy diet, physical, social and cognitive activity, and management of cardiovascular risks was shown to be an effective model to promote brain health among older people. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore healthcare professionals' perceptions of facilitators and barriers to implementing this lifestyle programme into health care.<br /><br /> Four semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted among healthcare professionals working in primary care and in non-governmental organizations (N=27). Participants were asked to discuss their perceptions of facilitators and barriers for implementing the multidomain intervention into clinical practice. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis.<br /><br /> Barriers and facilitators described by the hea constraints of successful implementation helps to design and tailor future prevention programmes, increases motivation and adherence and supports system change.<br /><br /> Anxiety and depression are comorbid disorders with IBD and are associated with poor outcomes. Resilience is an innate but modifiable trait that may improve the symptoms of psychological disorders. Increasing resilience may decrease the severity of these comorbid disorders, which may improve IBD outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the association between resilience, anxiety, and depression in IBD patients.<br /><br /> We performed a cross-sectional study of IBD patients. Patients completed a questionnaire consisting of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a measure of resilience, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Primary outcome was severity of anxiety and depression in patients with high resilience. Multivariable linear regression analysis evaluated the association between severity of anxiety and depression and level of resilience.<br /><br /> A sample of 288 patients was analyzed. Bivariable linear regression analysis showed a negative association betweeings suggest that IBD patients with higher resilience may have better coping mechanisms that buffer against the development of anxiety.Interactions among endosymbiotic bacteria inside their eukaryotic hosts are poorly understood, particularly in mites. The mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a common, medically important generalist species that has many intracellular and gut bacterial symbionts. In the experiments, we examined bacterial abundances and composition in mite populations obtained by controlled mixing of stock mite populations that differed in the presence/absence of the major intracellular bacteria Wolbachia and Cardinium. Changes in microbial communities were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing (pooled mite individuals) and quantitative PCR for key microbial taxa (individual mites). Mite fitness was estimated as a parameter of population growth. We detected that in mixed mite populations, Cardinium and Wolbachia can co-occur in the same mite individual. The presence of Cardinium was negatively correlated with the presence of Wolbachia and Bartonella, while the Bartonella and Wolbachia were positively correlated in individual level samples. Since mixed populations had lower abundances of Wolbachia, while the abundance of Cardinium did not change, we suggest that the presence of Cardinium inhibits the growth of Wolbachia. The mixed mite populations had lower population growth than parental populations. The possible effect of symbionts on the fitness of mixed population is discussed.<br /><br /> Co-occurring mental health and substance use (SU) disorders among adolescents are common, with two-thirds of adolescents who seek SU treatment also requiring support for mental health. Primary care physicians play a key role in the pharmacological treatment of mental health disorders among adolescents, however, little is known about the impact of these treatments on SU outcomes.<br /><br /> This systematic review summarizes the evidence regarding commonly used pharmacotherapy interventions for mental health and their impact on adolescent SU.<br /><br /> Literature searches were conducted across five databases as part of a larger systematic review of adolescent SU interventions. Studies were screened for eligibility by two researchers, and study data were extracted regarding study design, patient and treatment characteristics and results. Risk of bias analyses and qualitative syntheses were completed to evaluate the strength of the evidence and the impact of pharmacotherapy on SU outcomes.<br /><br /> Ten randomized controlled trials exploring seven pharmacotherapies met criteria for inclusion.