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There were no relationships with NfL in NC. Our results demonstrate that blood-based NfL levels reflect WM integrity and supports the view that blood levels of NfL are predictive of WM damage in the brain. This is a critical result in improving the interpretability of NfL as a marker of brain integrity, and for validating this emerging biomarker for future use in clinical and research settings across multiple neurodegenerative diseases.Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles appear to be promising tools for MR lymphography due to their unique magnetic properties. In clinical diagnosis, the effectiveness of USPIO will greatly affect the clinician's judgment to the enhanced MR images. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of CS015, a PAA-coated USPIO, with subcutaneous and intravenous administration. It appeared that subcutaneously injected particles had much higher efficiency to reach lymph nodes, and even worked at a very small dose 0.075 μmol/kg. Further, we compared CS015 with ferumoxytol and ferumoxtran-10 in MR lymphography and found that CS015 had the best performance. And the lymph node metastases in New Zealand rabbits were successfully detected using CS015 with one single dose. These merits of CS015 make it a promising MR lymphography contrast agent with potential applications in cancer therapy.Templating has been demonstrated to be an efficient method of nanocapsule preparation. However, there have been no reports of using protein-only nanocapsules as an antigen delivery system. Such a system would enable the delivery of antigen without additional polymers. This study focused on defining the structural and cellular characteristics of nanocapsules consisting of antigen (ovalbumin) alone, synthesized by the templating method using highly monodispersed solid core mesoporous shell (SC/MS) and mesoporous (MS) silica nanoparticles of 410 nm and 41 nm in diameter, respectively. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sn-38.html check details] The synthesized ovalbumin nanocapsules were homogeneous in structure, and cellular uptake was observed in DC2.4 murine immature dendritic cells with minimal cytotoxicity. The nanocapsules were localized intracellularly and induced antigen presentation by the cross-presentation pathway. The templating system, using SC/MS and MS silica nanoparticles, was demonstrated to be an effective nanocapsule synthesis method for a platform new antigen delivery system.Purpose To report the risk of a serious etiology in a cohort of children with Horner syndrome without a known cause at presentation. Methods The medical records of children ( less then 18 years of age) with Horner syndrome of unknown etiology who underwent a workup at a single tertiary-care pediatric hospital over a 20-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 48 patients with Horner syndrome were included. Median age at diagnosis was 12 months (range, 1 month to 17 years). A serious etiology was discovered in 7 (15%) neuroblastoma in 5, nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 1, and desmoid tumor in 1. Other causes were congenital/idiopathic (27 [56%]), acquired/idiopathic (10 [21%]), and likely birth trauma (4 [8%]). In 3 patients with a serious etiology, there were significant clinical manifestations of the pathology in addition to Horner syndrome. In the other 4 cases with a serious etiology (all neuroblastoma), the patients presented with Horner syndrome in isolation, and the tumor was discovered during a routine workup. All 5 neuroblastoma cases presented before 5 years of age; urine catecholamines were elevated in 4 of the 5. Imaging revealed mass lesions in the neck or upper chest in all 7 cases with a serious etiology. Conclusions In children presenting with Horner syndrome of unknown cause, there is a small but nontrivial risk of a serious underlying etiology. When a young child presents with Horner syndrome in isolation, urine catecholamine testing and imaging of the oculosympathetic pathway are recommended to rule out neuroblastoma.Background Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), generally considered reproductive hormones, have potent proangiogenic properties. Both of these hormones and their joint receptor (CG/LH receptor) are found in the human eye. We hypothesized that an excess of these hormones is associated with proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (P-ROP). Methods Dried blood spots (DBS) were used to perform a cross-sectional study of infants (gestational age of less then 26 weeks) with and without P-ROP, born in Michigan between August 1, 2012, and March 15, 2015. The DBS were collected at 1 week and 4 weeks of age from 45 preterm infants (27 no-ROP and 18 P-ROP). The DBS were linked to hospital records and then deidentified. ICD-9 codes were used to identify P-ROP cases. Hormones levels were measured via electrochemiluminescence assays on the Meso Scale Discovery platform. Associations between hormone levels at 1 and 4 weeks of age and the presence or absence of P-ROP were assessed. Results In female infants, we noted a trend toward higher LH levels in ROP cases at week 1 (P = 0.11) and significantly higher LH levels in cases at week 4 (P = 0.03). In male infants, no ROP-related differences in LH levels were found at either time point. For hCG levels, no associations with P-ROP were found in either sex at either time point. Conclusions The association of high LH with P-ROP in female but not male infants raises the possibility that there are sex-specific hormonal determinants of aberrant retinal angiogenesis.Lateral rectus transposition to the medial rectus muscle has recently generated interest in the management of oculomotor nerve palsy. We report 4 cases of complete oculomotor nerve palsy with a large-angle exotropia that were treated with a modified adjustable nasal transposition of the split lateral rectus muscle. Forced duction testing for the lateral rectus muscle showed good adduction in all 4 cases. Postoperative alignment within 10Δ in straight-ahead gaze was achieved in all 4 cases; adjustment was required in 2 cases.Purpose To describe the mean and normal range of intraocular pressure (IOP) and its associations in healthy Iranian school children using the noncontact tonometer. Methods In this cross-sectional study as part of the Shiraz Pediatric Eye Study, a stratified random sampling was performed among elementary school children of Shiraz, Iran. Basic demographics and socioeconomic status of households, past medical history, drug history, and eye health history were collected for each eligible student. Children underwent complete ophthalmic examination. Axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth were measured using the IOL-Master 500. Results Of 2,001 eligible children, 1,901 (95.0%; 3,802 eyes) with a mean age of 9.1 ± 1.6 years (standard deviation; range, 6-12 years) had reliable IOP. The mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.5 ± 1.3 D for the right eye and 0.6 ± 1.2 D for the left eye. Mean IOP in the right eye was 15.1 ± 2.5 mm Hg (median, 15.0; range, 8.0-27.0 mm Hg); in the left eye, 15.2 ± 2.