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With the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms on medical research on the rise, the importance of competitions for comparative validation of algorithms, so-called challenges, has been steadily increasing, to a point at which challenges can be considered major drivers of research, particularly in the biomedical image analysis domain. Given their importance, high quality, transparency, and interpretability of challenges is essential for good scientific practice and meaningful validation of AI algorithms, for instance towards clinical translation. This mini-review presents several issues related to the design, execution, and interpretation of challenges in the biomedical domain and provides best-practice recommendations. PATIENT SUMMARY This paper presents recommendations on how to reliably compare the usefulness of new artificial intelligence methods for analysis of medical images.<br /><br /> This study aims to characterize changes in the total operative cases logged by general surgery residents across three residency programs.<br /><br /> Retrospective cohort study. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html Veliparib solubility dmso] De-identified case logs, divided by institution and post graduate year (PGY) level, were obtained from the general surgery training programs at three academic hospitals. Total cases logged were calculated over the pandemic period (start beginning of residency, end May 31st, 2020) and the control period (start beginning of residency, end May 31st, 2019).<br /><br /> Three academic tertiary hospitals (Mayo Clinic - Arizona, Mayo Clinic - Florida, and Mayo Clinic - Rochester) PARTICIPANTS All general surgery residents at these three hospitals, including 25 residents at Mayo Clinic - Arizona in both the pandemic and control period, 16 and 15 residents at Mayo Clinic - Florida in the control and pandemic period, respectively, and 81 and 77 residents at Mayo Clinic - Rochester in the control and pandemic period, respectively.<br /><br /> Only PGY 4 general surgery residents at Mayo Clinic - Rochester had a decrease in operative cases logged in the pandemic period (759 cases on average compared to 1010 cases, p = 0.005), with no other changes in operative cases logged noted.<br /><br /> While elective cases were postponed secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic for around 1 month in the spring of 2020, the decrease in elective cases did not greatly impact overall resident operative cases logged for residents in three general surgery residency programs.<br /><br />While elective cases were postponed secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic for around 1 month in the spring of 2020, the decrease in elective cases did not greatly impact overall resident operative cases logged for residents in three general surgery residency programs.<br /><br /> To compare observer agreement between endodontists and oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) in the detection and measurement of periapical lesions as depicted in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with 2 voxel sizes.<br /><br /> In total, 256 CBCT images of maxillary molars were evaluated by 2 endodontists and 2 OMRs. Images were obtained at voxel sizes of 0.2 and 0.4 mm. Observers evaluated 64 endodontically and 64 nonendodontically treated teeth for the presence of periapical lesions using a 5-point confidence scale. Weighted κ values were calculated to determine intra- and interobserver agreement. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess intra- and interobserver agreement in width and height measurements of the lesions.<br /><br /> Intraobserver agreement ranged from fair to almost perfect, with κ values higher for the OMRs than for the endodontists. Interobserver agreement between endodontists ranged from fair to moderate at the 0.2mm voxel size and was slight at 0.4 mm. Agreement between OMRs was almost perfect at 0.2 mm and ranged from substantial to almost perfect at 0.4 mm. ICC was excellent for all observers in all conditions.<br /><br /> Intra- and interobserver reliability was affected by voxel size and specialty. Correlation for measurements exhibited no variation.<br /><br />Intra- and interobserver reliability was affected by voxel size and specialty. Correlation for measurements exhibited no variation.Although statin therapy is a primary treatment to prevent cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), its use may be delayed due to pharmacologic interactions in the early post-transplant period among heart transplant (HT) recipients with hepatitis C virus positive (HCV+) donors. Further examination of the possible benefits of early, nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies (LLT), such as PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), among this specific subset of transplant recipients is therefore becoming increasingly important. We report a 60-year-old man who received a HT from a HCV+ donor for end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy. In the early post-transplant period, there was concern for drug-drug interactions between statin, immunosuppressant, and direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. In addition, prior to transplant, he reported statin-associated muscle symptoms in response to multiple statins, which persisted despite attempts to re-challenge and use an every-other-day dosing strategy. Therefore, the patient was started on PCSK9i therapy after transplantation and while receiving curative DAA therapy for HCV. As the number of HT recipients of HCV+ donors continue to rise, investigation into the safety and benefits of early use of PCSK9i for the reduction of CAV and improved cardiovascular and mortality outcomes should be pursued.<br /><br /> Health care providers are in a prime position to identify teens at risk for suicide, yet many do not. The research team developed and implemented a hospitalwide program to identify teens at elevated risk for suicide and connect them with services.<br /><br /> Screening was implemented at both locations of a pediatric hospital, including two emergency departments, three urgent care clinics, and ambulatory clinics. Patients aged 12 years and older presenting for care were screened for suicide risk using the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) in most settings, while the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) was used in mental health areas. A social worker responded to positive screens to complete a more thorough assessment and determine next steps. Social workers also completed outreach to patients in the weeks following a positive screen. Implementation began with pilot locations and expanded after refinements were made. Stakeholders provided screening recommendations, and education was provided prior to implementation.