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when compared to the same period in 2019. The patients' condition increased severity, ODT increased, and the DNT decreased. DPT was not significant for self-visiting and ambulance patients. Moderate to severe stroke patients were more likely to utilize ambulance services.<br /><br /> Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis caused by antibodies targeting the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorders are now widely accepted as peculiar neuroimmunological diseases with specific clinical and pathological features. Some rare cases of overlapping anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated diseases have been reported, presenting complex clinical symptoms that make the disease more difficult to recognize.<br /><br /> In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the terms "NMDAR" and "MOG," "NMDAR" and "demyelination," and "MOG" and "encephalitis" were searched in PubMed. Clinical cases with dual-positive anti-NMDA cerebrospinal fluid receptors and MOG serum antibodies during the disease course were included in this study.<br /><br /> A total of 25 patients were analyzed in this study. The age at onset ranged from 3 to 54years. The mediandemyelination serve as warning signs of possible coexisting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis. These patients could achieve good outcomes under proper immunotherapies.<br /><br /> To describe the clinical, neurological, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings associated with encephalopathy in patients admitted to a COVID-19 tertiary reference center.<br /><br /> We retrospectively reviewed records of consecutive patients with COVID-19 evaluated by a consulting neurology team from March 30, 2020 through May 15, 2020.<br /><br /> Fifty-five patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were included, 43 of whom showed encephalopathy, and were further divided into mild, moderate, and severe encephalopathy groups. Nineteen patients (44%) had undergone mechanical ventilation and received intravenous sedatives. Eleven (26%) patients were on dialysis. Laboratory markers of COVID-19 severity were very common in encephalopathy patients, but did not correlate with the severity of encephalopathy. Thirty-nine patients underwent neuroimaging studies, which showed mostly non-specific changes. One patient showed lesions possibly related to CNS demyelination. Four had suffered an acute stroke. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-PCR in only one of 21 CSF samples. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html Momelotinib cost] Two CSF samples showed elevated white blood cell count and all were negative for oligoclonal bands. In our case series, the severity of encephalopathy correlated with higher probability of death during hospitalization (OR = 5.5 for each increment in the degree of encephalopathy, from absent (0) to mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3), p &lt; 0.001).<br /><br /> In our consecutive series with 43 encephalopathy cases, neuroimaging and CSF analysis did not support the role of direct viral CNS invasion or CNS inflammation as the cause of encephalopathy.<br /><br />In our consecutive series with 43 encephalopathy cases, neuroimaging and CSF analysis did not support the role of direct viral CNS invasion or CNS inflammation as the cause of encephalopathy.This study aims to compare the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and its related cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17), in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), non-inflammatory chronic polyneuropathy, and functional neurological disorders. The results showed elevated NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 levels in serum but not in CSF of CIDP, compared to the other groups. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between NLRP3 inflammasome level and each cytokine. We also found a positive correlation between serum NLRP3 inflammasome level and disease severity in CIDP patients. Taken together, these results suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome could act as a potential biomarker to diagnose CIDP and assess the severity of the disease.<br /><br /> Genes and environment contribute to the multifactorial etiology of autoimmune diseases. Familial clusters of autoimmune diseases are often observed among first-degree relatives sharing the same genetic background and environmental exposure. Rarer is the occurrence of the same autoimmune diseases in non-consanguineous spouses. We hereinafter report two non-consanguineous spouses who developed one after the other AChR-positive myasthenia gravis.<br /><br /> This study has been approved by Catholic University Ethic Committee. The wife, previously affected by Graves-Basedow disease, was the first to be diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, basing on a generalized weakness and an anti-AChR-positive assay. The husband, who suffered from ulcerative colitis, 16years after his wife diagnosis complained of a mild generalized weakness. Repetitive nerve stimulation test and anti-AChR assay were confirmed myasthenia gravis. In these spouses, myasthenia gravis was not associated with thymoma. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genotyping showed distinct associations, with the wife carrying the DRB1*0301 DQB1*0201 and the husband the DRB1*07 DQB102 alleles.<br /><br /> The wife's haplotype is strongly associated with myasthenia gravis and thyroiditis whereas HLA DRB1*07 allele was found to be related both to late-onset myasthenia gravis and ulcerative colitis.<br /><br /> Compared with other autoimmune disorders, myasthenia gravis has a lower prevalence. The surveillance environmental exposure may greatly improve our knowledge of non-genetic drivers of autoimmunity.<br /><br />Compared with other autoimmune disorders, myasthenia gravis has a lower prevalence. The surveillance environmental exposure may greatly improve our knowledge of non-genetic drivers of autoimmunity.<br /><br /> Healthy elderly, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease populations have been among the most affected in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the direct effects of the virus, and numerous indirect effects now emerge and will have to be carefully assessed over time.<br /><br /> This article reviews the main articles that have been published so far about the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on these particularly fragile populations.<br /><br /> The pandemic associated to COVID-19 has shifted most of the health resources to the emergency area and has consequently left the three main medical areas dealing with the elderly population (oncology, time-dependent diseases and degenerative disease) temporarily "uncovered". In the phase following the emergency, it will be crucial to guarantee to each area the economic and organizational resources to quickly return to the level of support of the prepandemic state.<br /><br /> The emergency phase represented a significant occasion of discussion on the possibilities of telemedicine which will inevitably become increasingly important, but all the limits of its use in the elderly population have to be considered.