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Spinal cord ischemia (SCI) is a rare presenting symptom of acute complicated type B aortic dissection (TBAD); occurring in approximately 3% of patients.1 We present a case report of a patient with this presentation who had observed resolution of his paraplegia symptoms immediately after placement of a thoracic stent graft under local anesthesia. The temporal association between true lumen flow restoration and paraplegia resolution intra-operatively is a novel finding. We feel that this case report may provide support for recognized cord perfusion theory,2 as well as contribute to the understanding of the time frame associated with SCI and reversibility of paraplegia. OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is associated with an increased mortality, mostly cardiovascular events. Moreover, aorto-iliac calcification is associated with increased mortality in patients with peripheral occlusive disease. The aim of this study is to assess the potential association between ilio-femoral calcification, assessed by calcium score, in patients undergoing infrarenal (EVAR) or fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR) and long-term mortality, particularly caused by cardiac events. METHODS All patients with preoperative non-contrast enhanced CT scans that underwent infrarenal EVAR and FEVAR of non-ruptured AAA between 2004 and 2012 at a single tertiary center were screened for inclusion. Agatston calcium score was measured from the aortic bifurcation to common femoral arteries using a dedicated postprocessing software. The values are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) RESULTS 404 (62,05%) out of 651 patients who underwent EVAR and FEVAR had sufficient imaging qualitfurther. Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic infection that can manifest as visceral or cutaneous disease. Immunosuppression, mainly through TNF-α inhibition, is a risk factor for complicated leishmaniasis that is becoming increasingly known. Here, we present a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in a patient who suffers from advanced Takayasu-Arteritis, requiring TNF-α inhibition with infliximab. The primary CL lesion in this 47-year-old, female patient were caused by L. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/favipiravir-t-705.html Favipiravir] panamensis and occurred after a touristic trip to Panama on her right foot. The lesions first resolved under treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. However, ten months later, the patient returned with relapsing lesions requiring further treatment. We discuss the challenges and risks of leishmaniasis in patients with TNF-α inhibition and the rare phenomenon of relapsing CL and the management hereof. We review published cases of CL associated with TNF-α inhibition. A growing body of evidence now suggests that especially CL (and VL) can be associated with TNF-α inhibition. The host response to leishmaniasis is of the Th1-type and TNF-α and interferon-gamma expression are crucial for disease control. Inversely, TNF-α inhibition can lead to complicated and relapsing progression of leishmanial infection. Therefore, we propose that, CL and VL should be considered in at-risk patients receiving immunosuppressants. BACKGROUND Fungal infections in skin, hair and nails affect up to 25% of the global population. Conventional antifungal treatment is effective but due to resistance, treatment failure, drug interactions, and treatment related toxicity, there is a need for alternative treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown antimicrobial properties and is used increasingly for fungal infections. This review investigates the reported efficacy and side effects of PDT of superficial mycoses. METHODS Pubmed and Embase were searched 26-01-2020 for "superficial fungal infections" and "photodynamic therapy" in "Human subjects" using a predefined search string. Criteria for inclusion were clinical trials and cases involving PDT-treated patients with primary fungal infections in skin, hair and nails. Criteria for exclusion were languages other than English, animal models, in vitro trials, secondary fungal infections, reviews and guidelines. RESULTS 541 records were identified and 34 papers fulfilled the criteria. PDT of onychomycosis (n = 380 patients) found treatment with methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer (PS) more efficacious with complete cure rates of 70%-80% than 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT (mycological cure rates of 17%-57%) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL)-PDT (mycological cure rate of 32%). Other PDT-treated fungal diseases included (n = 55) foot infections (n = 19), tinea cruris (n = 10), scalp infections (n = 2), Malassezia infections (n = 9) and subcutaneous fungal infections (n = 15) with promising effect. CONCLUSION PDT-treatment of superficial mycoses can be efficacious as salvage therapy. In the light of increasing resistance and few licensed treatment alternatives, larger randomized controlled trials investigations and optimization of the PDT-treatment protocol are warranted to evaluate PDT's potential as a future antifungal treatment. V.Mast cells play a significant role in urticaria pathogenesis. It's evidenced that vitamin D has positive impact in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) recently, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer was used to detect the expression of proteins in sera of CSU patients and healthy subjects. Thirty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified, in which vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) was higher in CSU patients than that in healthy subjects after verification. Our results indicated that sera of CSU patients induced the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mast cells through PI3K/Akt/p38 MAPK/HIF-1α axis in an IgE-depended way, and 25(OH)D3 suppressed the expression of VEGF by inhibiting this signaling pathway axis in this process. Collectively, these results suggest VDBP to be a potential biomarker and propose a potential mechanism of benefit for vitamin D therapy in CSU. Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes derived from haematopoietic progenitors that are widely distributed throughout the body. These cells participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses and lie central to the processes of inflammation, development, and homeostasis. Macrophage physiology varies depending on the environment in which they reside and they exhibit rapid functional adaption in response to external stimuli. To study macrophages in vitro, cells are typically cultured ex vivo from the peritoneum or alveoli, or differentiated from myeloid bone marrow progenitor cells to form bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs represent an efficient and cost-effective means of studying macrophage biology. However, the inherent sensitivity of macrophages to biochemical stimuli (such as cytokines, metabolic intermediates, and RNS/ROS) makes it imperative to control experimental conditions rigorously. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish an optimised and standardised method for the isolation and culture of BMDMs.