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In addition to canonical open reading frames (ORFs), thousands of translated small ORFs (containing less than 100 codons) have been identified in untranslated mRNA regions (UTRs) across eukaryotes. Small ORFs in 5' UTRs (upstream (u)ORFs) often repress translation of the canonical ORF within the same mRNA. However, the function of translated small ORFs in the 3' UTRs (downstream (d)ORFs) is unknown. Contrary to uORFs, we find that translation of dORFs enhances translation of their corresponding canonical ORFs. This translation stimulatory effect of dORFs depends on the number of dORFs, but not the length or peptide they encode. We propose that dORFs represent a new, strong, and universal translation regulatory mechanism in vertebrates.To date, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has infected more than 5 million people and caused around 350 000 deaths globally. In most countries, the world as we knew it came to a sudden stop and this led to the biggest shift of employees to remotely conduct their work. Academic institutions were extensively affected, as teaching and assessment activities were hampered, and graduation ceremonies were cancelled. In addition, there was an imminent disruption in academic and research activities including face-to-face conferences and conventions. Among many challenges, academics had to grapple to remain engaged professionally and socially with students and colleagues. Digital technology being an integral part of life has become essential for connectivity and communication. In this commentary, multidisciplinary academics from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia share perspectives and experiences in adapting to the COVID-19 reality. From healthcare sciences to engineering, and from business to education, this paper highlights the role academics play in combating professional and social challenges during COVID-19.This study aimed to explore the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Korean translation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). The PRFQ consists of three subscales prementalizing modes, certainty about mental states, and interest and curiosity in mental states. A convenience sample of 163 Korean parents completed the K-PRFQ. Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors mapped on to the original PRFQ factors, but items from the original prementalizing modes subscale clustered into two additional factors. Data from a subsample (n = 67) showed that the certainty about mental states and interest and curiosity in mental states subscales correlated positively with more optimal self-reported parenting. We discuss the validity of using the PRFQ in collectivistic cultures.Orosomucoid polymorphisms influence plasma drug binding in humans; however, canine variants and their effect on drug plasma protein binding have not yet been reported. In this study, the orosomucoid gene (ORM1) was sequenced in 100 dogs to identify the most common variant and its allele frequency determined in 1,464 dogs (from 64 breeds and mixed-breed dogs). Plasma protein binding extent of amitriptyline, indinavir, verapamil, and lidocaine were evaluated by equilibrium dialysis using plasma from ORM1 genotyped dogs (n = 12). Free and total drug plasma concentrations were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. From the five polymorphisms identified in canine ORM1, two were nonsynonymous. The most common was c.70G&gt;A (p.Ala24Thr) with an allele frequency of 11.2% (n = 1464). Variant allele frequencies varied by breed, reaching 74% in Shetland Sheepdogs (n = 21). Free drug fractions did not differ significantly (p &gt; .05; Mann-Whitney U) between plasma collected from dogs with c.70AA (n = 4) and those with c.70GG (n = 8) genotypes. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/toyocamycin.html Toyocamycin manufacturer] While c.70G&gt;A did not affect the extent of plasma protein binding in our study, the potential biological and pharmacological implication of this newly discovered ORM1 variant in dogs should be further investigated.<br /><br /> This article examines different motivators for medical staff in countries with a high gap in healthcare efficiency by comparing them in two healthcare systems-Polish (ie efficient) and Ukrainian (ie inefficient).<br /><br /> This survey-based study applies a six-stage conceptual framework to two Polish and two Ukrainian hospitals as well as medical faculties of one university from each country. Following ethical approval, data were collected in the first quarter of 2019, using the 'Evaluation of motivators questionnaire for medical staff'.<br /><br /> Medical staff perceived their working conditions in the inefficient healthcare system much worse than in the efficient system; however, they generally had a more optimistic outlook. Medical staff in efficient and inefficient healthcare systems has different motivational targets, including sizable differences from profession, gender, and age. These factors play an important role in developing a high-performance healthcare system. Results are illustrated in terms of motivators for medical staff.<br /><br /> Optimising a healthcare system requires useful reform of enablers, especially in countries with inefficient systems, including policymaking and regulatory action. Best practices must incorporate all stakeholders interested in high healthcare performance-usage of suitable practices from abroad can act as an important resource.<br /><br />Optimising a healthcare system requires useful reform of enablers, especially in countries with inefficient systems, including policymaking and regulatory action. Best practices must incorporate all stakeholders interested in high healthcare performance-usage of suitable practices from abroad can act as an important resource.<br /><br /> The current study examines rural-urban differences in trends in rates and type of concussion-related health care utilization over time from 2008 to 2016 among Medicaid insured children in Ohio.<br /><br /> We analyzed Medicaid claims for health care utilization for diagnosed concussions among children aged ≤18 years between April 1, 2008, and December 31, 2016. We compared the trends in rates of concussion-related health care utilization between children who lived in rural and urban areas using Poisson regressions. We examined trends in the type of concussion-related health care utilization by location of residence using linear regressions.<br /><br /> We found a significant increase in health care utilization for concussion over time, with rates of treated concussion consistently higher in rural children compared to urban children (P &lt; .0001) throughout the study period. Although initial care at the Emergency Department (ED) remained the most common type of initial concussion-related health care utilization for rural children throughout the study period, the most common type of initial care sought by urban children shifted over time from the ED to primary care providers (PCPs).