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Background The default mode network (DMN) is a prominent intrinsic network that is observable in many mammalian brains. However, a few studies have investigated the temporal dynamics of this network based on direct physiological recordings. Methods Herein, we addressed this issue by characterizing the dynamics of local field potentials from the rat DMN during wakefulness and sleep with an exploratory analysis. We constructed a novel coactive micropattern (CAMP) algorithm to evaluate the configurations of rat DMN dynamics, and further revealed the relationship between DMN dynamics with different wakefulness and alertness levels. Results From the gamma activity (40-80 Hz) in the DMN across wakefulness and sleep, three spatially stable CAMPs were detected a common low-activity level micropattern (cDMN), an anterior high-activity level micropattern (aDMN), and a posterior high-activity level micropattern (pDMN). A dynamic balance across CAMPs emerged during wakefulness and was disrupted in sleep stages. In the slow-wave sleep (SWS) stage, cDMN became the primary activity pattern, whereas aDMN and pDMN were the major activity patterns in the rapid eye movement sleep stage. In addition, further investigation revealed phasic relationships between CAMPs and the up-down states of the slow DMN activity in the SWS stage. Conclusion Our study revealed that the dynamic configurations of CAMPs were highly associated with different stages of wakefulness, and provided a potential three-state model to describe the DMN dynamics for wakefulness and alertness.This study investigated factors related to the obesity levels of older Koreans living alone. It used data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Its participants comprised 819 people aged 65 years and older, living alone in Korea. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the factors related to managing obesity at the individual, social, and environmental levels. In the obese group, social interaction was a significant factor on social level, whereas in the overweight group, regular exercise, social interaction, and region were the significant factors at the individual, social, and environmental levels, respectively. It was found that different approaches were needed depending on the level of obesity. In addition, this study identified that it was appropriate to approach the obesity management of older people living alone, in terms of individual, social, and environmental systems, based on the ecological perspective.Probiotic bacteria continue to receive increasing attention in the food and feed industries. However, the production of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus at an industrial scale is challenging because of specific nutrient requirements and conditions, which are complicated and costly. We developed low-cost culture media by modifying the carbon and nitrogen sources for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis KMP-H9-01 and Lactobacillus reuteri KMP-P4-S03 from available food grade components. Sucrose (15 g/l) was selected as a suitable carbon source for both strains because it was the most economic and facilitated bacterial growth that was equal to that of glucose. The Bifidobacterium strain required beef extract as a nitrogen source to multiply. The fermentation of both strains using the modified media formula in 5-L and 50-L bioreactors showed that the highest cell counts of L. reuteri and B. animalis subsp. lactis were 9 and 9.8 log CFU/ml after 12-15 h, respectively. The concentration (g/l) ratio between lactate and acetate obtained from B. animalis subsp. lactis was 77.4 at 12 h and 11.410.6 at 40 h; the ratio was similar at both time points (6.9 1.1) for L. reuteri. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn-212854.html LDN-212854 mouse] Thus, this economically modified food-grade medium for the large-scale fermentation of two probiotic bacteria was efficient.Significance The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (NRF2/KEAP1) pathway is a crucial and highly conserved defensive system that is required to maintain or restore the intracellular homeostasis in response to oxidative, electrophilic, and other types of stress conditions. The tight control of NRF2 function is maintained by a complex network of biological interactions between positive and negative regulators that ultimately ensure context-specific activation, culminating in the NRF2-driven transcription of cytoprotective genes. Recent Advances Recent studies indicate that deregulated NRF2 activation is a frequent event in malignant tumors, wherein it is associated with metabolic reprogramming, increased antioxidant capacity, chemoresistance, and poor clinical outcome. On the other hand, the growing interest in the modulation of the cancer cells' redox balance identified NRF2 as an ideal therapeutic target. Critical Issues For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify potent and selective NRF2 inhibitors that might be used as single agents or adjuvants of anticancer drugs with redox disrupting properties. Despite the lack of specific NRF2 inhibitors still represents a major clinical hurdle, the researchers have exploited alternative strategies to disrupt NRF2 signaling at different levels of its biological activation. Future Directions Given its dualistic role in tumor initiation and progression, the identification of the appropriate biological context of NRF2 activation and the specific clinicopathological features of patients cohorts wherein its inactivation is expected to have clinical benefits, will represent a major goal in the field of cancer research. In this review, we will briefly describe the structure and function of the NRF2/ KEAP1 system and some of the most promising NRF2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on natural compounds and drug repurposing.Background Prostate biopsy false negative percentages are 21% to 47% and 16% to 30% for systematic and fused biopsy, respectively. An intuitive three-dimensional (3D) observed user interface may help reduce these percentages by providing real-time guidance and feedback during transrectal or transperineal biopsy. Materials and Methods We track the moving prostate (including template locations and regions of interest), the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe, and the biopsy device to construct a 3D environment. Users observe, aim, sample, and receive feedback in real time. Using a simulator with simulated TRUS, 48 participants performed freehand systematic prostate biopsy with traditional TRUS guidance and afterward with visualized prostate biopsy (vPBx). Results During simulated biopsy, vPBx reduced the false negative percentage for a 0.5-mL spherical apical lesion from 52% to 2% (p  less then  0.001). Conclusions Preliminary results during simulated systematic biopsy warrant retrofitting the vPBx to actual TRUS equipment as a step toward clinical trials with patients.