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83, 95% CI 0.78-0.89, p  less then  0.001), which was significant for TIA (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.72, p  less then  0.001) and ICH (0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91, p = 0.02), but not for IS (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.85-1, p = 0.08). Thrombolysis and thrombectomy numbers were not different compared to respective months 4 years prior. In the recovery period after the first COVID-19 wave, TIA (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.96, p = 0.011) and ICH (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.99, p = 0.045) hospitalizations remained lower, while the frequency of IS and recanalization treatments was unchanged. In this state-wide analysis covering all types of acute cerebrovascular diseases, hospital admissions for TIA and ICH were reduced during and also after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, but hospitalizations and recanalization treatments for IS were not affected in these two periods.<br /><br /> This project aims to define the common comorbidities associated with patients undergoing emergency laparotomy in South Africa, to review the impact of these comorbidities on outcome and to attempt to model these various factors.<br /><br /> A retrospective review of all patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for an emergency general surgical condition was performed from the prospectively entered Hybrid Electronic Medical Registry (HEMR). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to establish associations and independent risk factors for developing an adverse event.<br /><br /> Over a six-year time period, a total of 1464 patients underwent emergency laparotomy. The median age was 34years. Males constituted 58.8% (861) of the patients and 754 patients (51.5%) experienced at least one adverse event. The mortality rate was 12 percent. Comorbidities and social factors were documented in 912 patients (62.3%). The rate of adverse events among patients with comorbidities was 59% (538). Patients without comorbidities or significant social factors had an adverse event rate of 39.1% (216). This difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). The most frequent comorbidity in our sample was HIV, followed by hypertension, underlying malignancy, diabetes mellitus, active TB and cardiovascular disease.<br /><br /> Emergency laparotomy in South Africa is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The patients are younger than in high-income countries. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, HIV and active TB are associated with the development of an AE.<br /><br />Emergency laparotomy in South Africa is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The patients are younger than in high-income countries. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, HIV and active TB are associated with the development of an AE.<br /><br /> The transoral approach and the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) are remote access approaches for endoscopic thyroidectomy. Both follow a symmetric design and use CO<br /><br /> insufflation to maintain the working space. The outcome differences between the techniques are rarely compared in the literature.<br /><br /> All patients who underwent endoscopic transoral (n = 72) and BABA (n = 63) thyroidectomy between October 2018 and August 2020 by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed. The following peri-operative data were collected and compared operative time, blood loss, postoperative drainage amount, hospital stay, pain score, number of retrieved lymph nodes, and complications.<br /><br /> Patients in the transoral group were younger (44.7 vs. 49.3years, p = 0.022) and had smaller tumors (2.4 vs. 2.8cm, p = 0.020) than those in the BABA group. The operative times were significantly longer in the transoral group than in the BABA group (lobectomy, 194.1 vs. 177.0min, p = 0.026; total thyroidectomy, 246.0 vs. 214.3min, p = 0.042). Nevertheless, the time difference became insignificant after completing the initial 20 cases of transoral thyroidectomy. The drainage fluid collected after the surgery was serosanguinous, and a lower drainage volume was observed in the transoral group than that in the BABA group (64.9 vs. 78.5ml, p = 0.017). However, there was no significant difference regarding the blood loss, hospital stay, postoperative pain score, and lymph nodes retrieved. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms303141.html selleck chemicals llc] The rate of postoperative complications, such as hypoparathyroidism and vocal cord palsy was comparable between the two groups.<br /><br /> Transoral approach and BABA are comparable with regard to surgical outcomes. Selected patients may choose either technique based on their preferences.<br /><br />Transoral approach and BABA are comparable with regard to surgical outcomes. Selected patients may choose either technique based on their preferences.<br /><br /> Laparoscopic hepatectomy for tumors close to the major hepatic veins (HVs) is a technically demanding procedure that is relatively contraindicated. We investigated this surgical technique and the outcomes of intraparenchymal identification of the major HVs using the ventral approach in pure laparoscopic hepatectomy for tumors close to the major HVs.<br /><br /> In the present study, tumors &lt; 10mm from the major HVs were defined as lesions in proximity to the major HVs. The cranio-ventral part of the liver parenchyma along the targeted major hepatic veins was opened to facilitate an open cutting plane. After a wide exposure of the surgical plane, the targeted major HVs were identified.<br /><br /> Thirteen patients with tumors close to the major HVs underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy. The median operative time was 260min (range, 160-410min), while the intraoperative blood loss was 100mL (range, 30-310mL). The median Pringle maneuver time was 45min (range, 40-75min). The median tumor size was 50mm (range, 17-140mm), and the median tumor margin was 4mm (range, 0-10mm). Three patients (23.1%) experienced minor postoperative complications. The median postoperative hospital stay was 7days (range, 4-25days).<br /><br /> Pure laparoscopic hepatectomy for tumors close to the major HVs is technically feasible in selected patients. Intraparenchymal identification of the major HVs using the ventral approach achieves transection plane accuracy and avoids inadvertent injury to the major HVs.<br /><br />Pure laparoscopic hepatectomy for tumors close to the major HVs is technically feasible in selected patients. Intraparenchymal identification of the major HVs using the ventral approach achieves transection plane accuracy and avoids inadvertent injury to the major HVs.