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The analysis revealed an adjusted HR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78-0.83) for the development of dementia among those with symptomatic HSV relative to those without. Among the 61,776 HSV-1/HSV-2 patients who were treated with antiherpetic medication, 4836 patients (7.8%) developed dementia (adjusted HR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72-0.78); this translated to a population average of one additional year of being dementia free in those who were taking antiherpetic medication. In contrast to Tzeng et al. we did not find that HSV infection was associated with an increased risk of dementia. Like their findings, we found that antiherpetic medication was associated with a protective effect against dementia. Future prospective studies are needed to further investigate this effect.Myelin is a key evolutionary specialization and adaptation of vertebrates formed by the plasma membrane of glial cells, which insulate axons in the nervous system. Myelination not only allows rapid and efficient transmission of electric impulses in the axon by decreasing capacitance and increasing resistance but also influences axonal metabolism and the plasticity of neural circuits. In this review, we will focus on Schwann cells, the glial cells which form myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we will describe the main extrinsic and intrinsic signals inducing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination and how myelin biogenesis is achieved. Finally, we will also discuss how the study of human disorders in which molecules and pathways relevant for myelination are altered has enormously contributed to the current knowledge on myelin biology.Mindfulness has been associated with fewer negative mental health symptoms during adolescence, but fewer studies have examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms in conjunction with two vulnerability factors for psychopathology with mindfulness rumination and impulsivity. This study examined longitudinal associations between internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity over a one-year period among 352 Spanish adolescents (57.4% girls; M = 14.47, SD = 1.34). Participants completed self-reported measures of symptoms, mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity at two time points. Mindfulness negatively predicted stress and depressive symptoms, and a bidirectional negative association was found between mindfulness and impulsivity. Impulsivity positively predicted stress, and anxiety positively predicted depressive symptoms, stress, and rumination. This study highlights the importance of mindfulness as a protective factor and impulsivity and anxiety as risk factors for internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence. These findings build on previous studies that examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms by including rumination and impulsivity's roles.Social connectedness is theorized to contribute to civic development and in turn, civic engagement is thought to cultivate social connectedness. Little research has examined how social connectedness is linked with early adolescent civic engagement. The current study used a social network research design to examine associations between early adolescent social connectedness via their position within their peer network and their civic engagement. Middle-school students (N = 213) aged 11-15 years (M = 12.5; 57% female) were recruited from a remote US community and provided nominations for peer connections and reported on multiple aspects of civic engagement. Early adolescents who had identified more peer nominations had higher civic efficacy. Youth who had fewer connections with different peer groups and fewer connections with popular peers were more engaged in political behavior. Greater popularity was associated with higher political engagement for boys, but not girls. Greater connections with different peer groups was associated with greater environmentalism for younger but not older teens. These findings highlight the need to consider adolescent civic development within the peer context.Little research has examined multiple family risks that may act as precursors to the cycle of violence, or the link between child maltreatment and subsequent intimate partner violence perpetration. Scholarly work that addresses this gap has important implications for early prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing family violence in adolescence and young adulthood. Based upon the family stress model and the cycle of violence hypothesis, it was hypothesized that adolescent experiences of economic pressure, caregiver depressed mood, and caregiver conflict would increase risk for abusive parenting and that abusive parenting in adolescence would link these family experiences to partner violence perpetration in young adulthood. The model was tested using longitudinal data spanning 12 years from two studies The Iowa Youth and Families Project (N = 306, 56.2% women), a sample of White, married-parent families, and the Family and Community Health Study (N = 213, 53.3% women), a sample of Black families diverse in terms of family structure. Path model analyses provided support for the proposed model in each sample, highlighting the importance of considering several adolescent family experiences in work on the etiology of partner violence. Policy and practice interventions are offered, such as the need for economic supports for families, accessible mental health care, and relationship education programming for youth.<br /><br /> Cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) is a protective mechanism that enables the cerebral vasculature to automodulate tone in response to changes in cerebral perfusion pressure to ensure constant levels of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen delivery. CA can be impaired after neurological injury and contributes to secondary brain injury. In this study, we report novel impedance indices using trans-ocular brain impedance (TOBI) during controlled systemic hemorrhage and hypotension to assess CA in comparison with pressure reactivity index (PRx).<br /><br /> Yorkshire swine were instrumented to record intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and CBF. TOBI was recorded using electrocardiographic electrodes placed on the closed eyelids. Impedance changes (dz) were recorded in response to introducing an alternating current (0.4mA) through the electrodes. MAP, ICP, and CBF were also measured. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca3.html CIL56 mouse] Animals were subjected to a controlled hemorrhage to remove 30-40% of each animal's total blood volume over 25-35min.