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Multiple investigators have described an increased incidence of thromboembolic events in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Data concerning hemostatic complications in children hospitalized for COVID-19/multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are scant.<br /><br /> To share our experience in managing SARS-CoV-2-associated pro-coagulant state in hospitalized children.<br /><br /> D-dimer values were recorded at diagnosis in children hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2-related manifestations. In moderately to critically ill patients and MIS-C cases, coagulation and inflammatory markers were checked at multiple time points and median results were compared. Pro-thrombotic risk factors were appraised for each child and thromboprophylaxis was started in selected cases.<br /><br /> Thirty-five patients were prospectively enrolled. D-dimer values did not discriminate COVID-19 of differing severity, whereas were markedly different between the COVID-19 and the MIS-C cohorts. In both cohorts, D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels increased upo2-related manifestations is not warranted, but may be offered to patients with other pro-thrombotic risk factors in the context of a multi-modal therapeutic approach.<br /><br /> This study evaluated whether one (or more) of three doses of onabotulinumtoxinA were safe and effective to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in children.<br /><br /> This was a 48-week prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in children (aged 5-17 years) with NDO and urinary incontinence (UI) receiving one onabotulinumtoxinA treatment (50, 100, or 200 U; not to exceed 6 U/kg). Primary endpoint change from baseline in daytime UI episodes. Secondary endpoints change from baseline in urine volume at first morning catheterization, urodynamic measures, and positive response on the treatment benefit scale. Safety was also assessed.<br /><br /> There was a similar reduction in urinary incontinence from baseline to Week 6 for all doses (-1.3 episodes/day). Most patients reported positive responses on the treatment benefit scale (75.0%-80.5%). From baseline to Week 6, increases were observed in urine volume at first morning clean intermittent catheterization (50 U, 21.9 ml; 100 U, 34.9 ml; 200 U, 87.5 ml; p = 0.0055, 200 U vs. 50 U) and in maximum cystometric capacity (range 48.6-63.6 ml) and decreases in maximum detrusor pressure during the storage phase (50 U, -12.9; 100 U, -20.1; 200 U, -27.3 cmH<br /><br /> O; p = 0.0157, 200 U vs. 50 U). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY2603618-IC-83.html learn more] The proportion of patients experiencing involuntary detrusor contractions dropped from baseline (50 U, 94.4%; 100 U, 88.1%; 200 U, 92.6%) to Week 6 (50 U, 61.8%; 100 U, 44.7%; 200 U, 46.4%). Safety was similar across doses; urinary tract infection was most frequent.<br /><br /> OnabotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated and effective for the treatment of NDO in children; 200 U showed greater efficacy in reducing bladder pressure and increasing bladder capacity.<br /><br />OnabotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated and effective for the treatment of NDO in children; 200 U showed greater efficacy in reducing bladder pressure and increasing bladder capacity.<br /><br /> We describe an innovative research protocol to (a) examine patient-level longitudinal associations between nurse staffing practices and the risk of adverse events in acute care hospitals and; (b) determine possible thresholds for safe nurse staffing.<br /><br /> A dynamic cohort of adult medical, surgical and intensive care unit patients admitted to 16 hospitals in Quebec (Canada) between January 2015-December 2019.<br /><br /> Patients in the cohort will be followed from admission until 30-day postdischarge to assess exposure to selected nurse staffing practices in relation to the subsequent occurrence of adverse events. Five staffing practices will be measured for each shift of an hospitalization episode, using electronic payroll data, with the following time-varying indicators (a) nursing worked hours per patient; (b) skill mix; (c) overtime use; (d) education mix and; and (e) experience. Four high-impact adverse events, presumably associated with nurse staffing practices, will be measured from electronic health record datae occurrence of adverse events.<br /><br />To our knowledge, this study is the first multisite patient-level longitudinal investigation of the associations between common nurse staffing practices and the risk of adverse events. It is hoped that our results will assist hospital managers in making the most effective use of the scarce nursing resources and in identifying staffing practices that minimize the occurrence of adverse events.A vast body of evidence implicates increased oxidative stress and extracellular glutamate accumulation in the pathomechanism of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) carries extracellular cystine uptake and intracellular glutamate release (cystine/glutamate exchange) in the presence of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the involvement of xCT in ALS. Immunohistochemical observations in the spinal cord sections demonstrated that xCT was mainly expressed in astrocytes, with staining more intense in 12 sporadic ALS patients as compared to 12 age-matched control individuals. Western blot and densitometric analyses of the spinal cord samples revealed that the relative value of xCT/β-actin optical density ratio was significantly higher in the ALS group as compared to the control group. Next, we conducted cell culture experiments using a human astrocytoma-derived cell line (1321N1) and a mouse motor neuron/neuroblastoma hybrid cell line (NSC34). In 1321N1 cells, the normalized xCT expression levels in cell lysates were significantly increased by H2 O2 treatment. Glutamate concentrations in 1321 N1 cell culture-conditioned media were significantly elevated by H2 O2 treatment, and the H2 O2 -driven elevations were completely canceled by the xCT inhibitor erastin pretreatment. In motor neuron-differentiated NSC34 cells (NSC34d cells), both the normalized xCT expression levels in the cell lysates and glutamate concentrations in the cell-conditioned media were constant with or without H2 O2 treatment. The present results provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that astrocytes upregulate xCT expression to release glutamate in response to increased oxidative stress associated with ALS, contributing to extracellular glutamate accumulation.